Method of producing microparticles

ABSTRACT

The invention is based on the finding that microparticles can be produced by conditionally-immortalised cells. The conditionally-immortalised cells may be stem cells. The Examples show the successful harvest of microparticles from conditionally immortalised neural stem cells and CD34+ cells. Conditional immortalisation provides a constant supply of clonal cells that produce microparticles such as exosomes. The conditionally immortalised cells are useful as “producer cells” for microparticles such as exosomes, which are typically harvested or isolated from the conditionally-immortalised cells.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to microparticles produced by cells, their useand production thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and to differentiate intofunctionally different cell types. They have the potential to be apowerful tool in the growing field of Regenerative Medicine, inparticular regenerative therapy requiring tissue replacement,regeneration or repair (Banerjee et al. 2011). However, there aredrawbacks to the use of stem cells in therapy: there is a need for aconsistent and substantial supply of stem cells with functional andphenotypic stability and the associated high costs and time delay causedby cell generation, storage, transport and handling; there is arequirement for immunological compatibility to avoid rejection of thestem cells by the recipient; and there are complex regulatory issuesrelated to potential safety risks of tumour or ectopic tissue formation.Further, despite the therapeutic efficacy of stem cell transplantation,there is no convincing evidence for a direct long-term effect of thetransplanted stem cells, for example through engraftment anddifferentiation into reparative or replacement cells.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent stem cells thatgenerate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (Kornblum, 2007). Themedical potential of neural stem cells is well-documented. Damagedcentral nervous system (CNS) tissue has very limited regenerativecapacity so that loss of neurological function is often chronic andprogressive. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have shown promising results instem cell-based therapy of neurological injury or disease (Einstein etal. 2008). Implanting neural stem cells (NSCs) into the brains ofpost-stroke animals has been shown to be followed by significantrecovery in motor and cognitive tests (Stroemer et al. 2009). It is notcompletely understood how NSCs are able to restore function in damagedtissues but it is now becoming increasingly recognised that NSCs havemultimodal repairing properties, including site-appropriate celldifferentiation, pro-angiogenic and neurotrophic activity andimmunomodulation promoting tissue repair by the native immune system andother host cells (Miljan & Sinden, 2009, Horie et al., 2011). It islikely that many of these effects are dependent on transient signallingfrom implanted neural stem cells to the host milieu, for example NSCstransiently express proinflammatory markers when implanted in ischaemicmuscle tissue damage which directs and amplifies the naturalpro-angiogenic and regulatory immune response to promote healing andrepair (Hicks et al., unpublished data). In chronic stroke brain, NSCsalso have a substantial neurotrophic effect. For example, they promotethe repopulation of the stoke-damaged striatal brain tissue with hostbrain derived doublecortin positive neroblasts (Hassani, O'Reilly,Pearse, Stroemer et al., PLoS One. 2012; 7(11)).

Furthermore, on the basis of a large body of NSC restorative effects inanimal models with chronic stroke, a clinical trial using neural stemcells is being carried out by ReNeuron Limited (Surrey, UK), to trialthe treatment of disabled stroke patients using its “CTX0E03”conditionally-immortalised cortex-derived neural stem cells(Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01151124).

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are lineage-restricted stem cells whichhave the potential to differentiate into mesenchymal cell types only,namely of the adipocytic, chondrocytic and osteocytic lineages(Pittenger et al 1999; Ding et al. 2011). MSCs (also referred to asMesenchymal Stromal Cells and Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells) are derivedfrom a variety of sources including bone marrow, blood, adipose andother somatic tissues. The therapeutic potential of MSCs, however, ismore directed towards the application of their pro-angiogenic and immunemodulating properties as undifferentiated cells. Production of humanMSCs is limited by the inability of these cells to expand in numbersstably beyond approximately 15-20 population doublings.

Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) has a therapeuticefficacy similar to that of MSCs themselves, suggesting a paracrinemechanism of MSC-based therapy (Timmers et al. 2007). WO-A-2009/105044discloses that particles known as exosomes, secreted by MSCs, compriseat least one biological property of the MSCs and suggests the use ofthese MSC particles in therapy, while Théry et al. 2011 provides ageneral review of exosomes and other similar secreted vesicles. Whereassome of the drawbacks of using stem cells directly as therapeutic agentsare overcome by using the mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (e.g.storage, transport and handling), the problem remains of providing aconsistent and substantial supply of functionally and phenotypicallystable stem cells to produce the exosomes. For therapeutic use, theexosomes preferably need to be produced on a large scale. In the absenceof a stem cell line, replenishment of the cells through repeatedderivation from a source of stem cells is required, which incursrecurring costs for testing and validation of each new batch.Furthermore, the diseases and disorders that can be treated by MSCs maybe limited.

There remains a need for improved stem cell-based therapies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on the surprising finding thatmicroparticles can advantageously be produced byconditionally-immortalised cells. The conditionally-immortalised cellsmay be stem cells. The Examples show the successful harvest ofmicroparticles from conditionally immortalised neural stem cells andCD34+ cells. Conditional immortalisation provides a constant supply ofclonal cells that produce microparticles such as exosomes. Theconditionally immortalised cells are useful as “producer cells” formicroparticles such as exosomes, which are typically harvested orisolated from the conditionally-immortalised cells.

A first aspect of the invention provides the use of aconditionally-immortalised cell to produce microparticles. Theconditionally-immortalised cell is typically:

-   -   a mesenchymal stem cell, optionally selected from a bone marrow        derived stem cell, an endometrial regenerative cell, a        mesenchymal progenitor cell or a multipotent adult progenitor        cell;    -   a neural stem cell, optionally selected from a neurosphere        initiating stem cell, or an oligodendrocyte precursor cell;    -   a haematopoietic stem cell, optionally a CD34+ cell and/or        isolated from umbilical cord blood, or optionally a CD34+/CXCR4+        cell; a non-haematopoietic umbilical cord blood stem cell;    -   a very small embryonic like stem cell (VSEL);    -   an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell;    -   a fibroblast; or    -   a dendritic cell.

The microparticle that is produced may be an exosome, microvesicle,membrane particle, membrane vesicle, exosome-like vesicle, ectosome-likevesicle, ectosome or exovesicle. Typically, the microparticle is anexosome. In one embodiment, the cell is a mesenchymal stem cell and themicroparticle is an exosome.

Conditional immortalisation may be achieved by introducing animmortalisation factor which is inactive unless the cell is suppliedwith an activating agent. Such an immortalisation factor may be a genesuch as c-mycER. The c-MycER gene product is a fusion protein comprisinga c-Myc variant fused to the ligand-binding domain of a mutant estrogenreceptor. The conditionally-immortalised cells are typically cultured inthe presence of the activating agent. For c-MycERconditionally-immortalised cells, the activating agent is4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT). Accordingly, the microparticles aretypically isolated from conditionally-immortalised cells that are in theimmortalised state at the time of microparticle isolation.

It has also been found that it is possible to alter the production ofmicroparticles by conditionally-immortalised cells by the addition ofcomponents to the culture medium, by culturing the stem cells underhypoxic conditions, or by co-culture with other cell types, therebyproviding an improved method of producing stem cell microparticles.

A second aspect of the invention provides a method of producing amicroparticle, comprising isolating a microparticle from aconditionally-immortalised cell-conditioned medium, optionally whereinthe cell is as defined above. In certain embodiments of this aspect:

-   -   the cell-conditioned medium may comprise one or more components        which induce the release of microparticles by the stem cells        into the medium;    -   the cells may be cultured under hypoxic conditions;    -   the cells may be co-cultured with a different cell type;    -   the cells may be cultured in a multi-compartment bioreactor;        and/or    -   the cells may be stem cells that are partially-differentiated.

A further aspect of the invention provides a method of producing a stemcell microparticle, typically a neural stem cell microparticle or amicroparticle from another stem cell type (as detailed above). Themethod may comprise culturing the stem cells, typicallyconditionally-immortalised stem cells, in an environment that allowsstem cell differentiation and collecting the microparticles that areproduced by the cells. The microparticles may be isolated frompartially-differentiated neural stem cells. The stem cells may becultured under conditions that allow the efficient removal of metabolicwaste. In one embodiment, an environment that allows stem celldifferentiation is culture in a multi-compartment bioreactor, typicallyfor a prolonged period of time (for example more than seven days). Themethod may comprise isolating a microparticle from a stemcell-conditioned medium. The stem cell-conditioned medium may compriseone or more additive components or agents which stimulate the release ofmicroparticles by the stem cells into the medium. The one or morecomponents may be selected from transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β),interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and/or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).The microparticles may be isolated from stem cell-conditioned mediumwherein the stem cells were cultured under hypoxic conditions. Themicroparticles may be isolated from stem cell-conditioned mediumproduced by stem cells co-cultured with a different cell type, typicallyendothelial cells, in order to create the NSC niche environment.

A further aspect of the invention provides a microparticle obtainable bya method aspect of the invention.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of screening for anagent that alters the production of a microparticle by aconditionally-immortalised cell, comprising contacting aconditionally-immortalised cell with a candidate agent and observingwhether the rate of production of microparticles by the contactedconditionally-immortalised cell increases or decreases compared to acontrol.

A further aspect of the invention provides a kit for use in a method forproducing a microparticle, comprising: (a) a medium; (b) aconditionally-immortalised cell; (c) optionally the one or morecomponents of claim 19 or 20; (d) optionally the microparticle of claim22 suitable for use as a control; (e) optionally a detection agentsuitable for specific detection of the produced microparticles; and (f)instructions for producing the microparticle of any of claim 22 usingthe kit.

Further aspects and embodiments of the invention are defined below, andin the claims.

The invention also relates to the finding that neural stem cells containmicroparticles that are therapeutically useful. The methods discussedherein with regard to the production of microparticles from neural stemcells may be applied to methods of producing microparticles from theother cell types described for the first aspect of the invention.

One aspect of the invention provides a neural stem cell microparticle.The microparticle may be an exosome, microvesicle, membrane particle,membrane vesicle, exosome-like vesicle, ectosome-like vesicle, ectosomeor exovesicle. Typically, the microparticle is an exosome. Themicroparticle may be derived from a conditionally-immortalised neuralstem cell that has been cultured in an environment that allows stem celldifferentiation. The microparticle may be isolated frompartially-differentiated neural stem cells. In one embodiment, anenvironment that allows stem cell differentiation is a multi-compartmentbioreactor, typically where the cells are cultured for more than sevendays. The microparticle may be derived from a neural stem cell line. Insome embodiments, the neural stem cell line may be the “CTX0E03” cellline, the “STR0C05” cell line, the “HPC0A07” cell line or the neuralstem cell line disclosed in Miljan et al Stem Cells Dev. 2009. In someembodiments, the microparticle is derived from a stem cell line thatdoes not require serum to be maintained in culture. The microparticlemay have a size of between 30 nm and 1000 nm, or between 30 and 200 nm,or between 30 and 100 nm, as determined by electron microscopy; and/or adensity in sucrose of 1.1-1.2 g/ml. The microparticle may comprise RNA.The RNA may be mRNA, miRNA, and/or any other small RNA. Themicroparticle may comprise one, two, three or four of hsa-miR-1246,hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532. The microparticle maycomprise one or more lipids, typically selected from ceramide,cholesterol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol,phosphatidylcholine. The microparticle may comprise one or moretetraspanins, typically CD63, CD81, CD9, CD53, CD82 and/or CD37. Themicroparticle may comprise one or more of TSG101, Alix, CD109, thy-1 andCD133. The microparticle may comprise at least 10 of the proteinspresent in Table 19 or Table 21. The microparticle may comprise at leastone biological activity of a neural stem cell or a neural stemcell-conditioned medium. At least one biological activity may be atissue regenerative activity. The microparticle of the invention istypically isolated or purified.

A further aspect of the invention provides a neural stem cellmicroparticle for use in therapy. The therapy may be regenerativetherapy requiring tissue replacement, regeneration or repair, forexample where the therapy requires angiogenesis, neurogenesis and/orneuroprotection. The therapy may be for a neurological disease, disorderor deficit. The therapy may improve functional and/or cognitiverecovery. The therapy may be of stroke, peripheral arterial disease,neuropathy or any other disease or disorder that requires tissueregeneration, revascularisation or local anti-inflammatory action,including:

-   -   (i) Neurological disorder, disease or deficit, such as        Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Stroke, or ALS;    -   (ii) Lysosomal storage disorders;    -   (iii) Cardiovascular disorders, such as Myocardial Infarction,        congestive heart failure, Peripheral Arterial Disease, diabetic        ulcers, wound healing;    -   (iv) Diseases of the lung, including Idiopathic Pulmonary        Fibrosis, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Chronic Obstructive        Pulmonary Disease, Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension, Cystic        Fibrosis and Asthma;    -   (v) Metabolic or inflammatory disorders, such as Diabetes (I or        II), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lupus, Crohn's        disease, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, or Graft versus Host        Disease;    -   (vi) Psychiatric disorders, such as Depression, Bipolar        disorder, Schizophrenia or an Autistic syndrome disorder such as        Autism, Asperger's syndrome or Rett Syndrome;    -   (vii) Blindness-causing diseases of the retina, such as        Age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, diabetic        retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa; and    -   (viii) Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis,        cerebral palsy, central pontine myelinolysis, tabes dorsalis,        transverse myelitis, Devic's disease, progressive multifocal        leukoencephalopathy, optic neuritis, leukodystrophies,        Guillain-Barre syndrome, Anti-MAG peripheral neuropathy and        Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

In one embodiment, the microparticle is an exosome and therapy is of adisease or condition requiring tissue replacement, regeneration orrepair. In another embodiment, the microparticle is a microvesicle andthe therapy is of a disease requiring angiogenesis or a neurologicaldisease, disorder or deficit.

The therapy may also be a prophylactic therapy to induce tolerance,typically immunotolerance, in a host that is subsequently, concurrentlyor simultaneously to receive the stem cells from which the microparticleis derived. The administration of one or more doses of microparticles ofthe invention to a patient, prior to or concurrent with administrationof a stem cell therapy, can be used to reduce the risk of an adverseimmune response, i.e. “rejection”, of the stem cell therapy.

A further aspect of the invention provides the use of a neural stem cellmicroparticle in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of adisease.

Another aspect of the invention provides a composition comprising aneural stem cell microparticle and a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient, carrier or diluent.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts electron micrographs of CTX0E03conditionally-immortalised neural stem cells producing microparticles.Panels A-E show intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs) containingexosomes between 30 nm and 50 nm in diameter and Panel F showsmicrovesicles >100 nm in diameter released from neural stem cellsthrough a process of budding at the cell membrane.

FIG. 2 is an outline protocol for the identification, characterisationand production of microparticles from stem cells.

FIG. 3 shows Human angiogenesis ELISA strip optical density read outperformed on CTX0E03 conditioned and un-conditioned medium.

FIG. 4A shows the amount of protein (measured by BCA assay) extractedfrom 15 ml of media containing microparticles purified from the Integrasystem compared to normal culture conditions (3 days T175). FIG. 4Bshows the FACS detection (at 2 ug/ml, 1:250) of (i) CD63 in Integracultured CTX0E03 exosomes (top left panel) and microvesicles (top rightpanel) and (ii) CD81 in Integra cultured CTX0E03 exosomes (bottom leftpanel) and microvesicles (bottom right panel).

FIG. 5 shows the amount of isolated total RNA measured at 260/280 nmextracted from 15 ml of media containing microparticles purified byfiltration from the Integra system compared to normal culture conditions(3 days T175).

FIG. 6A shows the results of a wound closure/scratch assay representingthe migration activity of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF)cultured in CTX0E03 conditioned media or upon the addition of purifiedCTX0E03 exosomes. FIG. 6B shows the results of a scratch assay after 72hours, comparing the effect of 10 μg CTX0E03 exosomes to basalconditions (without exosomes). FIG. 6C shows the % of healed areas forbasal conditions, 2 μg/ml exosomes, 6 μg/ml exosomes, 20 μg/ml exosomesand an LSGS (low serum growth supplement) positive control. The toppanel of FIG. 6C shows exosomes isolated from CTX0E03 cells cultured for2 weeks in the Integra Celline system and the bottom panel of FIG. 6Cshows exosomes isolated from CTX0E03 cells cultured for 6 weeks in theIntegra Celline system. FIG. 6D compares CTX0E03 cells to a negativecontrol (saline) in an in vivo injection wound healing assay.

FIG. 7 shows the quantity of purified exosomes obtained per culturemedium from standard CTX0E03 (T175) cultures vs the Integra CELLinesystem at the 3 week time point.

FIG. 8A shows the concentration of exosomes harvested from two differentflasks after 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks of CTX0E03 Integra CELLineculture system. FIG. 8B shows the concentration of exosomes harvestedfrom a single Integra CELLine flask during a 6 week continuous cultureof CTX0E03 cells.

FIG. 9 shows the fold change of expression levels of various mRNAmarkers measured in CTX0E03 cells cultured for 3 weeks in the IntegraCELLine system compared to standard (“control”) CTX0E03 (T175) cultures.

FIG. 10 shows the fold up and down regulation of various miRNAs inexosomes obtained from CTX0E03 cells cultured for 3 weeks in Integrabioreactor culture and microparticles obtained from standard CTX0E03(T175) cultures, assessed against a baseline expression level in CTX0E03cells in standard (T175) culture.

FIG. 11 depicts the miRNA profiles obtained from deep sequencing ofmiRNA from CTX0E03 cells (“CTX”), microvesicles (“MV”) and exosomes(“EXO”) cultured under standard (T175) conditions. FIGS. 11 a and 11 bshow results from two cultures.

FIG. 12 shows the effect of hNSC microvesicles on angiogenesis ofHUVECs. FIG. 12A is a photograph showing the clear increase in tubeformation observed when microvesicles are added (right hand panels)compared to basal HUVECs. FIGS. 12B and 12C show the increase in totaltube length provided by the hNSC microvesicles at various concentrations(0.05 μg, 0.1 μg, 0.3 μg—FIG. 12B; and 0.6 μg/ml—FIG. 12C).

FIG. 13 shows the effect of hNSC microvesicles on neurite outgrowth inPC-12 cells.

FIG. 14 is an electropherogram showing the total RNA content profile inCTX0E03 cells, exosomes and microvesicles as determined by Agilent RNAbioanalyser.

FIG. 15 is a schematic presentation of the percentage of coding genesfully overlapping exon, and non-coding transcripts located with intronor intergenic sequences (produced by running NGS BAM files againstGENCODE sequence data set).

FIG. 16 depicts the top ranking preferentially shuttled novel miRNAs inexosomes and MV compared to CTX0E03 producer cells.

FIG. 17 shows the results of NanoSight analysis undertaken to determinethe particle size and concentration of CTX0E03 exosomes (FIG. 17A) andmicrovesicles (FIG. 17B) cultured in the Integra Celline system for 1,2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks

FIG. 18 shows Venn diagrams comparing the proteomic data from CTX0E03exosomes and microvesicles (18A and 18B), and comparing neural stem cellexosomes with mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (18C and 18D). FIG. 18Aillustrates the number of unique proteins within CTX0E03 exosomes andmicrovesicles, isolated from week 2 Integra culture system. FIG. 18Bcompares the biological processes associated with the identifiedproteins within the CTX0E03 exosomes and microvesicles. FIG. 18Ccompares the CTX0E03 neural stem cell exosome proteome to a MesenchymalStem Cell exosome proteome, and FIG. 18D compares the biologicalprocesses associated with the identified proteins in the MSC derivedexosomes with the neural stem cell derived exosomes.

FIG. 19 shows the 30 biological processes found to be associated withNSC derived exosomes and not mesenchymal stem cell exosomes.

FIG. 20 shows the successful conditional immortalisation of CD34+ cells.(A) is a diagram of qRT-PCR cycles showing the presence of c-mycERTAMmRNA in lentivirus infected human CD34+ progenitor cells derived fromcord blood. (B) is a control sample showing the detection of the exosomemarker Alix in immunoprecipitate. (C) shows Alix expression in exosomesimmunoprecipitated from both CD34+ and CD34+cMycERTam cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on the surprising finding thatmicroparticles can advantageously be produced byconditionally-immortalised cells. The conditionally-immortalised cellsmay be stem cells. The Examples show the successful production ofmicroparticles by conditionally immortalised neural stem cells and CD34+cells. Conditional immortalisation provides a constant supply of clonalcells that produce microparticles such as exosomes. The conditionallyimmortalised cells are useful as “producer cells” for microparticlessuch as exosomes, which are typically harvested or isolated from theconditionally-immortalised cells.

The present inventors have also surprisingly identified microparticlesin neural stem cells. These microparticles retain some of the functionsof the neural stem cells from which they are derived and are typicallytherapeutically useful for the same treatments as the neural stem cells.The microparticles are advantageous over the corresponding stem cellsbecause they are smaller and less complex, thereby being easier toproduce, maintain, store and transport, and have the potential to avoidsome of the regulatory issues that surround stem cells. Themicroparticles can be produced continuously, by isolation fromconditioned media, for example in a bioreactor such as amulti-compartment bioreactor, which allows for large scale productionand the provision of an “off-the-shelf” therapy. The multi-compartmentbioreactor is typically a two-compartment bioreactor.

It has further been found that, surprisingly, culturing stem cells (ofany type, not limited to neural stem cells) in an environment thatallows the stem cells to begin to differentiate, increases dramaticallythe yield of microparticles produced.

The inventors have surprisingly observed that culturing stem cells (ofany type, not limited to neural stem cells) in a multi-compartmentbioreactor, results in partial differentiation of the stem cells, intostem cells in a more differentiated form. This differentiation inculture does not require the addition of an agent to inducedifferentiation. This differentiation typically requires a cultureperiod of at least one week, at least two weeks or at least three weeks.The changes to the stem cells that occur in culture in amulti-compartment bioreactor are reflected by the microparticlesproduced by the cultured stem cells. Therefore, by culturing stem cellsin a multi-compartment bioreactor, it is possible to inducedifferentiation of the cells. Accordingly, microparticles from partiallydifferentiated stem cells can be produced by harvesting microparticlesfrom stem cells cultured in a multi-compartment bioreactor, typicallyfor at least one week, at least two weeks, at least three weeks, atleast four weeks, at least five weeks or at least six weeks. Optionally,the cells, e.g. NSCs, have been cultured for no more than ten weeks. Inone embodiment, the invention provides a method of producingmicroparticles by isolating the microparticles frompartially-differentiated neural stem cells.

The inventors have also found that it is possible to induce thesecretion of microparticles from stem cells. This finding, which also isnot limited to neural stem cells and can be used for the production ofmicroparticles from any stem cell, allows for an improved yield ofmicroparticles to be obtained from a stem cell culture. Several agentshave been identified that enhance the secretion of microparticles todifferent degrees, which has the further advantage of being able tocontrol the amount of microparticles that are secreted. Culturing stemcells under hypoxic conditions also improves microparticle production.Further, it has been found that co-culturing a stem cell with adifferent cell type, in particular an endothelial cell type canbeneficially alter the microparticles that are produced by the stemcell.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides microparticles,typically exosomes, produced by serum-free stem cells. Serum is requiredfor the successful culture of many cell lines, but contains manycontaminants including its own exosomes. As described below, theinventors have produced microparticles from stem cells that do notrequire serum for successful culture.

Microparticles

The invention relates to the production of microparticles fromconditionally-immortalised cells

The invention provides, in one aspect, microparticles obtainable from aconditionally-immortalised neural stem cell, mesenchymal stem cell orhaematopoietic stem cell. A neural stem cell microparticle is amicroparticle that is produced by a neural stem cell; a mesenchymal stemcell microparticle is a microparticle that is produced by a mesenchymalstem cell; a haematopoietic stem cell microparticle is a microparticlethat is produced by a haematopoietic stem cell. Typically, themicroparticle is secreted by the stem cell. More typically, themicroparticle is an exosome or a microvesicle. Microparticles from somestem cells (that are not conditionally immortalised), such asmesenchymal stem cells, are known in the art.

A “microparticle” is an extracellular vesicle of 30 to 1000 nm diameterthat is released from a cell. It is limited by a lipid bilayer thatencloses biological molecules. The term “microparticle” is known in theart and encompasses a number of different species of microparticle,including a membrane particle, membrane vesicle, microvesicle,exosome-like vesicle, exosome, ectosome-like vesicle, ectosome orexovesicle. The different types of microparticle are distinguished basedon diameter, subcellular origin, their density in sucrose, shape,sedimentation rate, lipid composition, protein markers and mode ofsecretion (i.e. following a signal (inducible) or spontaneously(constitutive)). Four of the common microparticles and theirdistinguishing features are described in Table 1, below.

TABLE 1 Various Microparticles Microparticle Size Shape Markers LipidsOrigin Microvesicles 100-1000 nm   Irregular Integrins,Phosphatidylserine Plasma selectins, membrane CD40 ligand Exosome-like20-50 nm Irregular TNFRI No lipid rafts MVB from vesicles otherorganelles Exosomes 30-100 nm; Cup Tetraspanins Cholesterol,Multivesicular (<200 nm) shaped (e.g. CD63, sphingomyelin, endosomesCD9), ceramide, lipid Alix, rafts, TSG101, phosphatidylserine ESCRTMembrane 50-80 nm Round CD133, Unknown Plasma particles no CD63 membrane

Microparticles are thought to play a role in intercellular communicationby acting as vehicles between a donor and recipient cell through directand indirect mechanisms. Direct mechanisms include the uptake of themicroparticle and its donor cell-derived components (such as proteins,lipids or nucleic acids) by the recipient cell, the components having abiological activity in the recipient cell. Indirect mechanisms includemicrovesicle-recipient cell surface interaction, and causing modulationof intracellular signalling of the recipient cell. Hence, microparticlesmay mediate the acquisition of one or more donor cell-derived propertiesby the recipient cell. It has been observed that, despite the efficacyof stem cell therapies in animal models, the stem cells do not appear toengraft into the host. Accordingly, the mechanism by which stem celltherapies are effective is not clear. Without wishing to be bound bytheory, the inventors believe that the microparticles secreted by neuralstem cells play a role in the therapeutic utility of these cells and aretherefore therapeutically useful themselves.

The microparticles and cells, e.g. stem cells, of the invention areisolated. The term “isolated” indicates that the microparticle,microparticle population, cell or cell population to which it refers isnot within its natural environment. The microparticle, microparticlepopulation, cell or cell population has been substantially separatedfrom surrounding tissue. In some embodiments, the microparticle,microparticle population, cell or cell population is substantiallyseparated from surrounding tissue if the sample contains at least about75%, in some embodiments at least about 85%, in some embodiments atleast about 90%, and in some embodiments at least about 95%microparticles and/or stem cells. In other words, the sample issubstantially separated from the surrounding tissue if the samplecontains less than about 25%, in some embodiments less than about 15%,and in some embodiments less than about 5% of materials other than themicroparticles and/or stem cells. Such percentage values refer topercentage by weight. The term encompasses cells or microparticles whichhave been removed from the organism from which they originated, andexist in culture. The term also encompasses cells or microparticleswhich have been removed from the organism from which they originated,and subsequently re-inserted into an organism. The organism whichcontains the re-inserted cells may be the same organism from which thecells were removed, or it may be a different organism.

Stem cells naturally produce microparticles by a variety of mechanisms,including budding of the plasma membrane (to form membrane vesicles andmicrovesicles) and as a result of the fusion of intracellularmultivesicular bodies (which contain microparticles) with the cellmembrane and the release of the microparticles into the extracellularcompartment (to secrete exosomes and exosome-like vesicles).

In one embodiment, the neural stem cell that produces the microparticlesof the invention can be a fetal, an embryonic, or an adult neural stemcell, such as has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,832, U.S. Pat.No. 6,777,233, U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,794, U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,506 andWO-A-2005121318. The fetal tissue may be human fetal cortex tissue. Thecells can be selected as neural stem cells from the differentiation ofinduced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, as has been described by Yuan etal. (2011) or a directly induced neural stem cell produced from somaticcells such as fibroblasts (for example by constitutively inducing Sox2,Klf4, and c-Myc while strictly limiting Oct4 activity to the initialphase of reprogramming as recently by Their et al, 2012). Humanembryonic stem cells may be obtained by methods that preserve theviability of the donor embryo, as is known in the art (e.g. Klimanskayaet al., 2006, and Chung et al. 2008). Such non-destructive methods ofobtaining human embryonic stem cell may be used to provide embryonicstem cells from which microparticles of the invention can be obtained.Alternatively, microparticles of the invention can be obtained fromadult stem cells, iPS cells or directly-induced neural stem cells.Accordingly, microparticles of the invention can be produced by multiplemethods that do not require the destruction of a human embryo or the useof a human embryo as a base material.

Typically, the cell population from which the microparticles areproduced, is substantially pure. The term “substantially pure” as usedherein, refers to a population of cells that is at least about 75%, insome embodiments at least about 85%, in some embodiments at least about90%, and in some embodiments at least about 95% pure, with respect toother cells that make up a total cell population. For example, withrespect to stem cell, e.g. neural stem cell populations, this term meansthat there are at least about 75%, in some embodiments at least about85%, in some embodiments at least about 90%, and in some embodiments atleast about 95% pure, stem cells compared to other cells that make up atotal cell population. In other words, the term “substantially pure”refers to a population of stem cells of the present invention thatcontain fewer than about 25%, in some embodiments fewer than about 15%,and in some embodiments fewer than about 5%, of lineage committed cellsin the original unamplified and isolated population prior to subsequentculturing and amplification.

A stem cell, e.g. neural stem cell, microparticle comprises at least onelipid bilayer which typically encloses a milieu comprising lipids,proteins and nucleic acids. The nucleic acids may be deoxyribonucleicacid (DNA) and/or ribonucleic acid (RNA). RNA may be messenger RNA(mRNA), micro RNA (miRNA) or any miRNA precursors, such as pri-miRNA,pre-miRNA, and/or small nuclear RNA (snRNA).

A stem cell, e.g. neural stem cell, microparticle retains at least onebiological function of the stem cell from which it is derived.Biological functions that may be retained include the ability to promoteangiogenesis and/or neurogenesis, the ability to effect cognitiveimprovement in the brain of a patient that has suffered a stroke, or theability to accelerate blood flow recovery in peripheral arterialdisease. For example, CTX0E03 cells are known to inhibit T cellactivation in a PBMC assay and, in one embodiment, the microparticles ofthe invention retain this ability to inhibit T cell activation in a PBMCassay. PBMC assays are well-known to the skilled person and kits forperforming the assay are commercially available.

Example 8, Table 2 and FIG. 6 demonstrate that CTX0E03 stem cellexosomes retain the ability to close a wound in a “scratch” model ofwound healing. The results in FIG. 6A show that the migration activityof normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cultured in CTX0E03conditioned media is almost the same as the migration activity observedon the addition of purified exosomes. Accordingly, one biologicalfunction that microparticles of the invention may retain is the abilityto stimulate migration activity of normal human dermal fibroblasts(NHDF).

Example 8 also shows that microvesicles of the invention are able tostimulate angiogenesis of primary HUVECs and to stimulate neuriteoutgrowth of PC-12 cells. Accordingly, a biological function thatmicroparticles of the invention may retain is the ability to stimulateangiogenesis of primary HUVECs and/or to stimulate neurite outgrowth ofPC-12 cells.

The proteomic analysis in Example 13 indicates that neural stem cellexosomes comprise biological functions associated with the production,packaging, function and degradation of genetic material. Accordingly, inone embodiment, exosomes of the invention retain these functions,typically one or more of RNA polymerase function, RNA degradationfunction, ribosome function and spliceosome function.

The microparticle has a diameter of 1000 nm or less. Typically, themicroparticle of the invention will have a diameter of 200 nm or less,for example 100 nm or less. As noted in Table 1 above, microvesicleshave a diameter of 100 nm to 1000 nm. Exosomes are typically defined ashaving a diameter of 30-100 nm, but more recent studies confirm thatexosomes can also have a diameter between 100 nm and 200 nm, (e.g.Katsuda et al, Proteomics 2013 and Katsuda et al, Scientific Reports2013). Accordingly, exosomes typically have a diameter between 30 nm and150 nm. Membrane particles have a diameter of 50 nm to 80 nm andexosome-like particles have a diameter of 20 nm-50 nm. The diameter canbe determined by any suitable technique, for example electron microscopyor dynamic light scattering. The term microparticle includes, but is notlimited to: membrane particle, membrane vesicle, microvesicle,exosome-like vesicle, exosome, ectosome-like vesicle, ectosome orexovesicle.

FIG. 1 panels A-E show the presence in neural stem cells of MVB'scontaining exosomes between 30-50 nm in diameter, while panel F showsmicrovesicles >100 nm in diameter. Table 20 and FIG. 17 (below) showthat typical neural stem cell exosomes were measured to have a diameterranging from approximately 70 nm to approximately 150 nm, which isconsistent with the size of exosomes (from mesenchymal stem cells)described in the art. Accordingly, exosomes of the invention typicallyhave a diameter between 30 nm and 200 nm, more typically between 50 nmand 150 nm. As noted above, exosomes are typically positive for the Alixmarker (UNIPROT Accession No. Q8WUM4).

FIG. 1F and Table 20 shows the observed size of typical neural stem cellmicrovesicles, with a mode diameter of approximately 150 nm-200 nm, or amedian diameter of approximately 180 nm-350 nm. Accordingly,microvesicles of the invention typically have a diameter between 100 and1000 nm, more typically between 150 nm and 350 nm.

Some microparticles of the invention express the CD133 surface marker.Other microparticles of the invention do not express the CD133 surfacemarker.

“Marker” refers to a biological molecule whose presence, concentration,activity, or phosphorylation state may be detected and used to identifythe phenotype of a cell.

Exosomes are endosome-derived lipid microparticles of typically 30-100nm diameter and sometimes between 100 nm and 200 nm diameter, that arereleased from the cell by exocytosis. Exosome release occursconstitutively or upon induction, in a regulated and functionallyrelevant manner. During their biogenesis, exosomes incorporate a widerange of cytosolic proteins (including chaperone proteins, integrins,cytoskeletal proteins and the tetraspanins) and genetic material.Consequently, exosomes are considered to be inter-cellular communicationdevices for the transfer of proteins, lipids and genetic materialbetween cells, in the parent cell microenvironment and over considerabledistance. Although the invention is not bound by this theory, it ispossible that the exosomes are responsible for the efficacy of theneural stem cells. Therefore, exosomes from neural stem cells arethemselves expected to be therapeutically efficacious.

Microparticles Designed to have Desired Functions

Microparticles retain at least some of the functions of the stem cellsthat produce them. Therefore, it is possible to design microparticles bymanipulating the stem cell (which can be any stem cell type and is notlimited to neural stem cells, although the neural stem cellmicroparticles of the invention are expressly included as an embodiment)to possess one or more desired functions, typically protein or miRNA.The manipulation will typically be genetic engineering, to introduce oneor more exogenous coding, non-coding or regulatory nucleic acidsequences into the stem cell. For example, if an exosome containing VEGFand/or bFGF is desired, then the exosome-producing stem cell can betransformed or transfected to express (high levels of) VEGF and/or bFGF,which would then be incorporated into the microparticles produced bythat stem cell. Similarly, iPS cells can be used to producemicroparticles, and these cells can be designed to produce the proteinsand nucleic acids (e.g. miRNA) that are required in the microparticlesproduced by the iPS cells. The invention therefore provides ad hocmicroparticles, from any stem cell type, that contain a function that isnot naturally present in the stem cell from which is produced, i.e. themicroparticles (e.g. exosomes) contain one or more exogenous protein ornucleic acid sequences, are not naturally-occurring and are engineered.The use of conditionally-immortalised cells advantageously provides forthe continuous production of these designed microparticles.

In one embodiment, isolated or purified microparticles are loaded withone or more exogenous nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, drugs or prodrugswhich are intended to perform a desired function in a target cell. Thisdoes not require manipulation of the stem cell and the exogenousmaterial can optionally be directly added to the microparticles. Forexample, exogenous nucleic acids can be introduced into themicroparticles by electroporation. The microparticles can then be usedas vehicles or carriers for the exogenous material. In one embodiment,microparticles that have been isolated from the cells that produced themare loaded with exogenous siRNA, typically by electroporation, toproduce microparticles that can be deployed to silence one or morepathological genes. In this way, microparticles can be used as vehiclesto deliver one or more agents, typically therapeutic or diagnosticagents, to a target cell. An example of this is a neural stem cellexosome comprising exogenous siRNA capable of silencing one or morepathological genes.

Microparticle Marker

The invention provides a population of isolated neural stem cellmicroparticles, wherein the population essentially comprises onlymicroparticles of the invention, i.e. the microparticle population ispure. In many aspects, the microparticle population comprises at leastabout 80% (in other aspects at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9% or 100%) of the microparticles of theinvention.

The isolated neural stem cell microparticle of the invention ischaracterised in that it has a distinctive expression profile forcertain markers and is distinguished from microparticles from other celltypes. When a marker is described herein, its presence or absence may beused to distinguish the microparticle. For example, the term “maycomprise” or “may express” also discloses the contrary embodimentwherein that marker is not present, e.g. the phrase “the microparticlemay comprise one or more tetraspanins, typically CD63, CD81, CD9, CD53,CD82 and/or CD37” also describes the contrary embodiment wherein themicroparticle may not comprise one or more tetraspanins, typically CD63,CD81, CD9, CD53, CD82 and/or CD37.

The stem cell, e.g. neural stem cell, microparticle of the invention istypically considered to carry a marker if at least about 70% of themicroparticles of the population, e.g. 70% of the membrane particles,membrane vesicles, microvesicles, exosome-like vesicles, exosomes,ectosome-like vesicles, ectosomes or exovesicles show a detectable levelof the marker. In other aspects, at least about 80%, at least about 90%or at least about 95% or at least about 97% or at least about 98% ormore of the population show a detectable level of the marker. In certainaspects, at least about 99% or 100% of the population show detectablelevel of the markers. Quantification of the marker may be detectedthrough the use of a quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) or throughfluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). It should be appreciatedthat this list is provided by way of example only, and is not intendedto be limiting. Typically, a neural stem cell microparticle of theinvention is considered to carry a marker if at least about 90% of themicroparticles of the population show a detectable level of the markeras detected by FACS.

The markers described herein are considered to be expressed by a cell ofthe population of the invention, if its expression level, measured byqRT-PCR has a crossing point (Cp) value below or equal to 35 (standardcut off on a qRT-PCR array). The Cp represents the point where theamplification curve crosses the detection threshold, and can also bereported as crossing threshold (ct).

In one embodiment, the invention relates to microparticles produced by aneural stem cell population characterised in that the cells of thepopulation express one or more of the markers Nestin, Sox2, GFAP, βIIItubulin, DCX, GALC, TUBB3, GDNF and 100. In another embodiment, themicroparticle is an exosome and the population of exosomes expresses oneor more of DCX (doublecortin—an early neuronal marker), GFAP (Glialfibrillary acidic protein—an astrocyte marker), GALC, TUBB3, GDNF and100.

The neural stem cell microparticles of the invention may express one ormore protein markers at a level which is lower or higher than the levelof expression of that marker in a mesenchymal stem cell microparticle ofthe same species. Protein markers that are expressed by the CTX0E03 cellmicroparticles are identified herein and below. In some embodiments, themicroparticles may express a protein marker at a level relative to atubulin or other such control protein(s). In some embodiments, themicroparticles of the invention may express that protein at a level ofat least +/−1.2 fold change relative to the control protein, typicallyat least +/−1.5 fold change relative to the control protein, at least+/−2 fold change relative to the control protein or at least +/−3 foldchange relative to the control protein. In some embodiments, themicroparticles may express a protein marker at a level of between 10⁻²and 10⁻⁶ copies per cell relative to a tubulin or other control protein.In some embodiments, the microparticles of the invention may expressthat protein at a level of between 10⁻² and 10⁻³ copies per cellrelative to a tubulin or other control protein.

The neural stem cell microparticles of the invention may express one ormore miRNAs (including miRNA precursors) at a level which is lower orhigher than the level of expression of that miRNA (including miRNAprecursors) in a mesenchymal stem cell microparticle of the samespecies. miRNA markers that are expressed by the CTX0E03 cellmicroparticles are identified below. In some embodiments, themicroparticles of the invention may express the marker miRNA at a levelof least +/−1.5 fold change, typically at least +/−2 fold change or atleast +/−3 fold change (calculated according to the ΔΔct method, whichis well-known) relative to U6B or 15a, or any other miRNA referencegene, also referred to as an internal control gene.

The neural stem cell microparticles of the invention may express one ormore mRNAs at a level which is lower or higher than the level ofexpression of that mRNA in a mesenchymal stem cell microparticle of thesame species. In some embodiments, the microparticles of the inventionmay express the marker mRNA at a level of least +/−1.5 fold change,typically at least +/−2 fold change or at least +/−3 fold change(calculated according to the ΔΔct method) relative to ATP5B or YWHAZ, orany other reference gene, also referred to as an internal control gene.

Exosomes of the invention typically express specific integrins,tetraspanins, MHC Class I and/or Class II antigens, CD antigens andcell-adhesion molecules on their surfaces, which may facilitate theiruptake by specific cell types. Exosomes contain a variety ofcytoskeletal proteins, GTPases, clathrin, chaperones, and metabolicenzymes (but mitochondrial, lysosomal and ER proteins are excluded, sothe overall profile does not resemble the cytoplasm). They also containmRNA splicing and translation factors. Finally, exosomes generallycontain several proteins such as HSP70, HSP90, and annexins that areknown to play signalling roles yet are not secreted by classical(ER-Golgi) mechanisms.

The lipid bilayer of an exosome is typically enriched with cholesterol,sphingomyelin and ceramide. Exosomes also express one or moretetraspanin marker proteins. Tetraspanins include CD81, CD63, CD9, CD53,CD82 and CD37. Exosomes can also include growth factors, cytokines andRNA, in particular miRNA. Exosomes typically express one or more of themarkers TSG101, Alix, CD109, thy-1 and CD133. Alix (Uniprot accessionNo. Q8WUM4), TSG101 (Uniprot accession No. Q99816) and the tetraspaninproteins CD81 (Uniprot accession No. P60033) and CD9 (Uniprot accessionNo. P21926) are characteristic exosome markers.

Alix is an endosomal pathway marker. Exosomes are endosomal-derived and,accordingly, a microparticle positive for this marker is characterisedas an exosome. Exosomes of the invention are typically positive forAlix. Microvesicles of the invention are typically negative for Alix.

Microparticle Proteome

Tables 18 and 20 list all proteins detected by mass spectrometry inexosomes and microvesicles, respectively, isolated from CTX0E03 cellscultured for two weeks in an Integra Celline multicompartmentbioreactor. In one embodiment, exosomes of the invention comprise atleast 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or atleast 99.5% of the proteins listed in Table 18. Similarly, microvesiclesof the invention typically comprise at least 70% at least 80%, at least90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or at least 99.5% of the proteins listedin Table 20. In a further embodiment, the proteome of a microvesicle orexosome of the invention is least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, atleast 95%, at least 99% or at least 99.5% identical to the proteomeprovided in Table 18 (exosome) or Table 20 (microvesicle). Whendetermining the protein content of a microparticle or exosome, massspectrometry is typically used, for example the LC/MS/MS methoddescribed in Example 13.

Tables 19 and 21 show the 100 most abundant proteins detected by massspectrometry in exosomes and microvesicles, respectively, isolated fromCTX0E03 cells cultured for two weeks in an Integra Cellinemulticompartment bioreactor. Typically, an exosome of the inventioncomprises the first ten proteins listed in Table 19, more typically thefirst 20, the first 30, the first 40 or the first 50 proteins listed inTable 19. Similarly, a microparticle of the invention typicallycomprises the first ten proteins listed in Table 21, more typically thefirst 20, the first 30, the first 40 or the first 50 proteins listed inTable 21. In one embodiment, an exosome of the invention comprises all100 proteins listed in Table 19. In one embodiment, a microvesicle ofthe invention comprises all 100 proteins listed in Table 21. Typically,the 100 most abundant proteins in an exosome or microvesicle of theinvention contain at least 70 of the proteins identified in Table 19(exosome) or Table 21 (microparticle). More typically, the 100 mostabundant proteins in an exosome or microvesicle of the invention containat least 80, at least 90, at least 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99, or all 100 ofthe proteins identified in Table 19 (exosome) or Table 21(microparticle).

Microparticle miRNA Content

Example 12 (and the related FIG. 11) shows the results of deepsequencing of miRNA present in CTX0E03 cells, microvesicles and exosomesproduced by these cells. This Example shows that, surprisingly, thenumber of different miRNA species present in the microparticles isgreatly reduced compared to the number of different miRNA speciespresent in the cells; the microparticles contain fewer than 120different miRNAs whereas the cells contain between 450 and 700 miRNAspecies. The microparticles contain a majority of hsa-miR-1246.

The data in Example 12 also show that the microparticles arecharacterised by four main miRNA species, namely hsa-miR-1246,hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532. These four miRNAs are theonly miRNAs present at a read count of greater than 1000 in themicroparticles; these four miRNAs are present in massive excess comparedto the other miRNAs in the microparticles. This is in contrast to theprofile in the cells, which contain a much greater number of miRNAspresent at high (read count greater than 1000) or very high (read countgreater than 10,000) levels. Although not bound by theory, the inventorspropose that hsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532are selectively trafficked (or otherwise incorporated) into themicroparticles and are thought to play a role in the function of themicroparticles.

Typically, in one embodiment microparticles, e.g. exosomes, of theinvention contain one, two, three or all four of hsa-miR-1246,hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532. Each of these miRNA markersis typically present at a read count (optionally determined using thedeep sequence technique described in Example 12) of at least 1000 permicroparticle. hsa-miR-1246 may optionally have a read count of at least2000, 5000, 10,000, 20,000, or 25,000 per microparticle. Hsa-miR-4492may optionally have a read count of at least 2000, 3000, 4000 or 5000per microparticle. Hsa-miR-4532 may optionally have a read count of atleast 2000 or 3000 per microparticle.

In one embodiment, each of hsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488and/or hsa-miR-4532 is present in the microparticle, e.g. exosome, at ahigher read count than is present in the cell that produced themicroparticle. In particular, miR-1246 typically has a read count in themicroparticle at least twice the read count in the cell, more typicallyat least 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 times the read count in the cell, andoptionally 10, 15 or 20 times the read count in the cell.

In one embodiment, microparticles of the invention containhsa-let-7a-5p, has-miR-92b-3p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p,hsa-miR-10a-5p, hsa-100-5p and/or hsa-99b-5p at a lower read count thanis present in the cell that produced the microparticle. Typically, eachof these miRNAs has a read count of less than 1000 in the microparticlesof the invention, more typically less than 100, for example less than50. Optionally, microparticles of the invention contain hsa-let-7a-5p ata read count of less than 50 or less than 25.

In one embodiment, microparticles of the invention contain fewer than150 types of miRNA (i.e. different miRNA species) when analysed by deepsequencing, typically fewer than 120 types of miRNA.

In one embodiment, hsa-miR-1246 is the most abundant miRNA in themicroparticles of the invention (optionally determined using the deepsequence technique described in Example 12). Typically, at least 40% ofthe total count of miRNA in microparticles (e.g. microvesicles andexosomes) of the invention is hsa-miR-1246. Typically, at least 50% ofthe total count of miRNA in exosomes of the invention is hsa-miR-1246.

hsa-miR-4492 is typically the second-most abundant miRNA in themicroparticles of the invention. Typically, at least 3% of the totalcount of miRNA in microparticles (e.g. microvesicles and exosomes) ofthe invention is hsa-miR-4492. More typically, at least 4% of the totalcount of miRNA in microparticles (e.g. microvesicles and exosomes) ofthe invention is hsa-miR-4492.

Typically, at least 2% of the total count of miRNA in microparticles(e.g. microvesicles and exosomes) of the invention is hsa-miR-4532.

Typically, at least 1% of the total count of miRNA in microparticles(e.g. microvesicles and exosomes) of the invention is hsa-miR-4488.

In one embodiment microparticles of the invention contain one or both ofhsa-miR-4508, hsa-miR-4516 at a level at least 0.1% of the total miRNAcontent of the particle.

One or more of hsa-miR-3676-5p, hsa-miR-4485, hsa-miR-4497,hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-3195, hsa-miR-3648, hsa-miR-663b, hsa-miR-3656,hsa-miR-3687, hsa-miR-4466, hsa-miR-4792, hsa-miR-99b-5p andhsa-miR-1973 may be present in the microparticles of the invention.

Typically, each of hsa-let-7a-5p and hsa-100-5p is present at less than1%, more typically less than 0.1% or less than 0.05% of the total miRNAcount in microparticles of the invention.

In a typical exosome of the invention, at least 50% of the total countof miRNA is hsa-miR-1246, and less than 0.1% of the total miRNA count ishsa-let-7a-5p.

In one embodiment, at least 90% of the total count of miRNA inmicroparticles of the invention comprises hsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4492,hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532. Typically, at least 95% or 96% of thetotal count of miRNA in microparticles of the invention compriseshsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532. Less than 10%of the total miRNA content of these microparticles is an miRNA that isnot hsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532.

Combinations of the miRNA embodiments discussed above are provided. Forexample, a microparticle of the invention typically contains each ofhsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532 at a readcount of at least 1000 and contains each of hsa-let-7a-5p,hsa-miR-92b-3p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-10a-5p,hsa-100-5p and hsa-99b-5p at a read count of less than 100. Typically,at least 90% or at least 95% of the total miRNA in these microparticlesis hsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532.

A microparticle (e.g. microvesicle or exosome) of the inventiontypically has hsa-miR-1246 as the most abundant miRNA and hsa-miR-4492is the second-most abundant miRNA. In this embodiment, at least 40% ofthe total count of miRNA in microparticles (e.g. microvesicles andexosomes) of the invention is hsa-miR-1246 and at least 3% of the totalcount of miRNA in the microparticle is hsa-miR-4492. At least 2% of thetotal count of miRNA in these microparticles is hsa-miR-4532 and atleast 1% of the total count of miRNA in these microparticles ishsa-miR-4488. Each of hsa-let-7a-5p and hsa-100-5p is present at lessthan 0.1% of the total miRNA count in these microparticles.

Plotting the deep sequencing results in the exosomes and microvesiclesas relative fold change compared to the cells confirms thathsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532 aresignificantly upregulated in the exosomes and microvesicles compared tothe cells. This comparison also shows that miRNA hsa-miR-3195 is themiRNA that is most upregulated, in both exosomes and microvesicles.Although the absolute reads of hsa-miR-3195 are in the range of ˜40 forexosomes and microvesicles, there is no hsa-miR-3195 detected in thecells. Accordingly, hsa-miR-3195 is uniquely found in the exosomes andmicrovesicles of the invention and, in one embodiment, an exosome ormicrovesicle of the invention comprises hsa-miR-3195.

In one embodiment, microparticles of the invention comprise one or moreof the following miRNA precursors:

AC079949.1 (SEQ ID NO: 738) GGCCGCGCCCCGTTTCCCAGGACAAAGGGCACTCCGCACCGGACCCTGGTCCCAGCG; AP000318.1 (SEQ ID NO: 739)CCCACTCCCTGGCGCCGCTTGTGGAGGGCCCAAGTCCTTCTGAT TGAGGCCCAACCCGTGGAAG;AL161626.1 (SEQ ID NO: 740) CGCCGGGACCGGGGTCCGGGGCGGAGTGCCCTTCCTCCTGGGAAACGGGGTGCGGC; AC004943.1 (SEQ ID NO: 741)GCTTCACGTCCCCACCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGTGGCAGTGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGTGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCTC; and AL121897.1 (SEQ ID NO: 742)GCCGCCCCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCCGCTTTCGGCTCGGGCCTCAGGTGAGTCGGAGGGGCCGGGCGC C

In one embodiment, microparticles of the invention comprise one, two orthree of the following mature miRNAs derived from the precursors listedabove (as detailed in part D of Example 12):

(derived from AL161626.1-201) (SEQ ID NO: 743) ggcggagugcccuucuuccugg(derived from AP000318.1-201) (SEQ ID NO: 744) ggagggcccaaguccuucugau(derived from AC079949.1-201) (SEQ ID NO: 745) gaccaggguccggugcggagug

These 5 miRNA precursors and 3 mature miRNAs have not previously beenisolated and each sequence is therefore also provided as a new sequenceper se. Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention provides a compositioncomprising one or more of the miRNA precursors AC079949.1, AP000318.1,AL161626.1, AC004943.1 and AL121897.1. In another embodiment, theinvention provides a composition comprising one or more of the maturemiRNAs ggcggagugcccuucuuccugg (derived from AL161626.1-201),ggagggcccaaguccuucugau (derived from AP000318.1-201) andgaccaggguccggugcggagug (derived from AC079949.1-201). Optionally, thecomposition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more ofthe miRNA precursors and/or one or more of the mature miRNAs and apharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or diluent. As noted in Example 12,these miRNAs and precursors appear to be selectively shuttled into theexosomes and microvesicles and so may be at least partially responsiblefor the function of the microparticles.

Example 12 also shows that neural stem cell microparticles comprise avariety of non-coding RNA species. In one embodiment, microparticles ofthe invention comprise one or more of ribosomal RNA, small nucleolarRNA, small nuclear RNA, microRNA, large intergenic non-coding RNA andmiscellaneous other RNA (e.g. RMRP, vault RNA, metazoan SRP and/or RNY).

Example 4 shows miRNAs present in microparticles produced by the CTX0E03cells and having a Cp below 35 as determined by a qRT-PCR array.Typically, in one embodiment microparticles of the invention contain 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60 or more,or all, of the following miRNAs (identified according by name accordingto Ambros et al and accessible at www.mirbase.org):

hsa-let-7a hsa-let-7b hsa-let-7c hsa-let-7d hsa-let-7e hsa-let-7fhsa-let-7g hsa-let-7i hsa-miR-100 hsa-miR-101 hsa-miR-103a hsa-miR-106bhsa-miR-10a hsa-miR-10b hsa-miR-124 hsa-miR-125a-5p hsa-miR-125bhsa-miR-126 hsa-miR-127-5p hsa-miR-128 hsa-miR-129-5p hsa-miR-130ahsa-miR-132 hsa-miR-134 hsa-miR-137 hsa-miR-141 hsa-miR-146b-5phsa-miR-150 hsa-miR-155 hsa-miR-15a hsa-miR-15b hsa-miR-16 hsa-miR-17hsa-miR-181a hsa-miR-182 hsa-miR-183 hsa-miR-185 hsa-miR-18a hsa-miR-18bhsa-miR-192 hsa-miR-194 hsa-miR-195 hsa-miR-196a hsa-miR-205 hsa-miR-20ahsa-miR-20b hsa-miR-21 hsa-miR-210 hsa-miR-214 hsa-miR-218hsa-miR-219-5p hsa-miR-22 hsa-miR-222 hsa-miR-23b hsa-miR-24 hsa-miR-26ahsa-miR-301a hsa-miR-302a hsa-miR-302c hsa-miR-33a hsa-miR-345hsa-miR-375 hsa-miR-378 hsa-miR-424 hsa-miR-7 hsa-miR-9 hsa-miR-92ahsa-miR-93 hsa-miR-96 hsa-miR-99a

In one embodiment, the CTX0E03 microparticles contain 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or more of the following miRNAs (which areselected from the list above):

hsa-let-7g hsa-miR-101 hsa-miR-10a hsa-miR-10b hsa-miR-126 hsa-miR-128hsa-miR-129-5p hsa-miR-130a hsa-miR-134 hsa-miR-137 hsa-miR-155hsa-miR-15a hsa-miR-15b hsa-miR-16 hsa-miR-17 hsa-miR-182 hsa-miR-183hsa-miR-185 hsa-miR-18b hsa-miR-192 hsa-miR-194 hsa-miR-195 hsa-miR-20ahsa-miR-20b hsa-miR-210 hsa-miR-218 hsa-miR-301a hsa-miR-302ahsa-miR-302c hsa-miR-345 hsa-miR-375 hsa-miR-378 hsa-miR-7 hsa-miR-9hsa-miR-93 hsa-miR-96 hsa-miR-99a

Proteins Detected by a Dot-Blot

Example 5 shows proteins present in microparticles produced by theCTX0E03 cells, as detected by a dot-blot. Typically, microparticles ofthe invention contain 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or all of thefollowing proteins:

EDA-A2 Galectin-3 IGFBP-2 IGFBP-rp1/IGFBP-7 IL-1a LECT2 MCP-1 SPARCTIMP-1 Thrombospondin-1 VEGF

Galectin-3 and Thrombospondin-1 are also identified as present inexosomes and microvesicles in Example 13. TIMP-1 is identified inExample 13 as being present in exosomes.

Example 5 also shows that the microparticles produced by the CTX0E03cells may also express 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 of the following proteins:

EGF-R/ErbB1 MDC Endostatin Follistatin Csk

EGF-R and Csk are also identified as present in exosomes andmicrovesicles in Example 13.

Galectin-3, SPARC, TIMP-1, Thrombospondin-1, VEGF, MDC and Endostatinare known to be modulate angiogenesis. Accordingly, microparticlescontaining one or more of these proteins are useful in treating diseasesor disorders requiring modulation of angiogenesis.

IL-1a, LECT2, MCP-1 and Csk are known to modulate inflammation.Accordingly, microparticles containing one or more of these proteins areuseful in treating diseases or disorders requiring modulation ofinflammation.

Microparticles containing one or more of (i) Galectin-3, SPARC, TIMP-1,Thrombospondin-1, VEGF, MDC and Endostatin, and one or more of (ii)IL-1a, LECT2, MCP-1 and Csk, may be useful for treating diseases ordisorders requiring modulation of angiogenesis and inflammation.

Neural Stem Cells in Multi-Compartment Bioreactor Culture

As shown in Example 10 and FIG. 9 below, after multi-compartmentbioreactor culture for three weeks, neural stem cells express a numberof markers at significantly higher levels than neural stem cellscultured according to standard procedure in a standardsingle-compartment T175 flask. In one embodiment, microparticles of theinvention are isolated from NSCs that have been cultured, typically in amulti-compartment bioreactor, for at least two weeks, typically at leastthree weeks, at least four weeks, at least five weeks or at least sixweeks. Optionally, the NSCs have been cultured for no more than tenweeks, e.g. between 2 and 10 weeks, between 3 and 10 weeks, between 4and 10 weeks, between 5 and 10 weeks or between 6 and 10 weeks.Microparticles may also be isolated from the other cell types describedherein, including mesenchymal stem cells and haematopoietic stem cells,that have been cultured for these periods in a bioreactor.

CTX0E03 neural stem cells cultured for three weeks in amulti-compartment bioreactor express DCX, GALC, GFAP, TUBB3, GDNF andIDO at a higher level than neural stem cells cultured in a standardsingle-compartment T175 cell culture. Accordingly neural stem cells thathave been cultured in a multi-compartment bioreactor, typically for aweek or more, ten days or more, two weeks or more, or at least threeweeks, four weeks, five weeks or more, may express one or more of DCX,GALC, GFAP, TUBB3, GDNF and IDO. Cells cultured in a two-compartmentbioreactor typically show increased expression of one or more of DCX,GALC, GFAP, TUBB3, GDNF and IDO compared to the stem cells culturedunder standard conditions. The expression level of these markers in themulti-compartment bioreactor-cultured cells is typically significantlyhigher than in the cells cultured in a standard single-compartment T175culture flask. Typically, a stem cell cultured in a multi-compartmentbioreactor expresses one or more of DCX1, GALC, GFAP, TUBB3, GDNF or IDOat a level least 2 fold higher than in CTX0E03 cells cultured in a T-175flask according to standard culture procedure. In one embodiment,microparticles, typically exosomes, are obtained from neural stem cellsthat show increased expression of one or more of DCX, GALC, GFAP, TUBB3,GDNF and IDO compared to the stem cells cultured under standardconditions. For example, microparticles can be obtained from freshlyfiltered conditioned medium collected from Integra CeLLine bioreactorcultured neural stem cells.

The upregulated markers include DCX (doublecortin—an early neuronalmarker), GFAP (Glial fibrillary acidic protein—an astrocyte marker),GALC, TUBB3, GDNF and IDO. CTX0E03 cells are able to differentiate into3 different cell types: neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Thehigh levels of DCX and GFAP after three weeks in a multi-compartmentbioreactor indicates that the cultured stem cells have partiallydifferentiated and have entered the neuronal (DCX+ cells) and/orastrocytic (GFAP+ cells) lineage. Accordingly, in one embodiment theinvention provides a microparticle produced by a neural stem cellpopulation that expresses (i) one or more markers associated with aneuronal lineage, typically DCX and/or (ii) one or more markersassociated with an astrocytic lineage, typically GFAP. In anotherembodiment, the invention provides neural stem cell microparticles,typically exosomes, that express (i) one or more markers associated witha neuronal lineage, typically DCX and/or (ii) one or more markersassociated with an astrocytic lineage, typically GFAP. These cells, orthe microparticles (typically exosomes) derived from these cells,express DCX and/or GFAP at a higher level than the corresponding stemcells in standard (T-175) culture. Typically, these cells ormicroparticles express DCX and/or GFAP at a level at least 2 fold morethan the stem cells, more typically at least 2.5 fold more than thecorresponding stem cells in standard culture, at least 5 fold more thanthe corresponding stem cells in standard culture, at least 7.5 fold morethan the corresponding stem cells in standard culture or at least 10fold more than the corresponding stem cells in standard culture. Forexpression of DCX, the fold change in the cells or microparticlescompared to the corresponding stem cells in standard (T-175) culture canoptionally be at least 20 fold, at least 50 fold, at least 100 fold, atleast 500 fold or at least 1000 fold more than the standard stem cells.

The term “bioreactor” is to be given its usual meaning in the art, i.e.an apparatus used to carry out a bioprocess. The bioreactors describedherein are suitable for use in cell culture, e.g. stem cell culture.Simple bioreactors for cell culture are single compartment flasks, suchas the commonly-used T-175 flask (e.g. the BD Falcon™ 175 cm² CellCulture Flask, 750 ml, tissue-culture treated polystyrene, straightneck, blue plug-seal screw cap, BD product code 353028). Bioreactors canhave multiple compartments, as is known in the art. Thesemulti-compartment bioreactors typically contain at least twocompartments separated by one or more membranes or barriers thatseparate the compartment containing the cells from one or morecompartments containing gas and/or culture medium. Multi-compartmentbioreactors are well-known in the art. An example of a multi-compartmentbioreactor is the Integra CeLLine bioreactor, which contains a mediumcompartment and a cell compartment separated by means of a 10 kDasemi-permeable membrane; this membrane allows a continuous diffusion ofnutrients into the cell compartment with a concurrent removal of anyinhibitory waste product. The individual accessibility of thecompartments allows to supply cells with fresh medium withoutmechanically interfering with the culture. A silicone membrane forms thecell compartment base and provides an optimal oxygen supply and controlof carbon dioxide levels by providing a short diffusion pathway to thecell compartment. Any multi-compartment bioreactor may be used accordingto the invention.

Example 11, Table 3 and FIG. 10 show that the miRNA content of exosomesproduced by neural stem cells that have been cultured in amulti-compartment bioreactor, for three weeks, is different from themiRNA content of stem cells cultured in standard T-175 flasks and frommicroparticles produced by the neural stem cells cultured in asingle-compartment T175 culture flask for three weeks. In oneembodiment, the invention provides a microparticle, typically anexosome, wherein at least two, three, four, five, six or seven miRNAsare up or down regulated compared to in the corresponding stem cellscultured in standard T-175 flasks, as calculated by Fold Regulation (seeExample 11). The Fold Regulation of each miRNA is optionally at leasttwo-fold up or down.

It can be seen from FIG. 6C and Example 8 that exosomes isolated fromNSCs show particularly surprising efficacy when the NSCs have beencultured for several weeks. Accordingly, in one embodiment, exosomes ofthe invention are isolated from NSCs that have been cultured, typicallyin a multi-compartment bioreactor, for at least two weeks, typically atleast three weeks, at least four weeks, at least five weeks or at leastsix weeks. Optionally, the NSCs have been cultured for no more than tenweeks, e.g. between 2 and 10 weeks, between 3 and 10 weeks, between 4and 10 weeks, between 5 and 10 weeks or between 6 and 10 weeks.

In one embodiment, neural stem cell exosomes of the invention expressone, two, three, four, five, six or seven of the following miRNAs at ahigher level than is expressed in the corresponding stem cells culturedin standard T-175 flasks, as calculated by Fold Regulation (where anasterisk indicates an miRNA where at least a two-fold regulationincrease is preferred):

hsa-miR-146b-5p* hsa-let-7c* hsa-miR-99a* hsa-miR-132* hsa-miR-378*hsa-miR-181a* hsa-let-7b*

In one embodiment, neural stem cell exosomes of the invention expressone, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more of thefollowing miRNAs at a lower level than is expressed in the correspondingstem cells cultured in standard T-175 flasks, as calculated by

Fold Regulation (where an asterisk indicates an miRNA where at least atwo-fold regulation decrease is preferred):

hsa-miR-7* hsa-miR-106b* hsa-miR-101* hsa-miR-302a* hsa-miR-301a*hsa-miR-183* hsa-miR-219-5p* hsa-miR-18a* hsa-miR-15a* hsa-miR-182*hsa-miR-33a* hsa-miR-96* hsa-miR-18b*

In a further embodiment, NSC exosomes of the invention comprise (i) anincreased level of at least one, two, three, four, five, six or seven ofthe miRNAs indicated above as being increased in exosomes compared tothe corresponding cells in standard culture and (ii) a decreased levelof at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten ormore or more of the miRNAs indicated above as being decreased inexosomes compared to the corresponding cells in standard culture. Forexample, a neural stem cell exosome may contain a fold-regulationincrease in three or more or more of the miRNAs indicated above as beingincreased in exosomes compared to the corresponding cells in standardculture and a fold-regulation decrease in three or more of the miRNAsindicated above as being decreased in exosomes compared to thecorresponding cells in standard culture. In another exemplaryembodiment, a neural stem cell exosome may contain a fold-regulationincrease in five or more of the miRNAs indicated above as beingincreased in exosomes compared to the corresponding cells in standardculture and a fold-regulation decrease in five or more of the miRNAsindicated above as being decreased in exosomes compared to thecorresponding cells in standard culture.

The term “expressed” is used to describe the presence of a marker withina cell or microparticle. In order to be considered as being expressed, amarker must be present at a detectable level. By “detectable level” ismeant that the marker can be detected using one of the standardlaboratory methodologies such as qRT-PCR, or qPCR, blotting, MassSpectrometry or FACS analysis. A gene is considered to be expressed by acell or microparticle of the population of the invention if expressioncan be reasonably detected at a crossing point (cp) values below orequal 35. The terms “express” and “expression” have correspondingmeanings. At an expression level below this cp value, a marker isconsidered not to be expressed. The comparison between the expressionlevel of a marker in a stem cell or microparticle of the invention, andthe expression level of the same marker in another cell ormicroparticle, such as for example an mesenchymal stem cell, maypreferably be conducted by comparing the two cell/microparticle typesthat have been isolated from the same species. Preferably this speciesis a mammal, and more preferably this species is human. Such comparisonmay conveniently be conducted using a reverse transcriptase polymerasechain reaction (RT-PCR) experiment.

As used herein, the term “significant expression” or its equivalentterms “positive” and “+” when used in regard to a marker shall be takento mean that, in a cell or microparticle population, more than 20%,preferably more than, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% 95%, 98%, 99% oreven all of the cells of the cells/microparticles express said marker.

As used herein, “negative” or “−” as used with respect to markers shallbe taken to mean that, in a cell or microparticle population, less than20%, 10%, preferably less than 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% ornone of the cells/microparticles express said marker.

Expression of microparticle surface markers may be determined, forexample, by means of flow cytometry and/or FACS for a specific cellsurface marker using conventional methods and apparatus (for example aBeckman Coulter Epics XL FACS system used with commercially availableantibodies and standard protocols known in the art) to determine whetherthe signal for a specific microparticle surface marker is greater than abackground signal. The background signal is defined as the signalintensity generated by a non-specific antibody of the same isotype asthe specific antibody used to detect each surface marker. For a markerto be considered positive the specific signal observed is typically morethan 20%, preferably stronger than 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%,100%, 500%, 1000%, 5000%, 10000% or above, greater relative to thebackground signal intensity. Alternative methods for analysingexpression of microparticle surface markers of interest include visualanalysis by electron microscopy using antibodies against cell-surfacemarkers of interest.

“Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)” is a method of cellpurification based on the use of fluorescent labelled antibodies. Theantibodies are directed to a marker on the cell surface, and thereforebind to the cells of interest. The cells are then separated based uponthe fluorescent emission peak of the cells.

Microparticle markers (including surface and intracellular proteins) canalso be analysed by various methods known to one skilled in the art toassay protein expression, including but not limited to gelelectrophoresis followed by western blotting with suitable antibodies,immunoprecipitation followed by electrophoretic analysis, and/orelectron microscopy as described above, with microparticlepermeabilisation for intraparticle markers. For example, expression ofone or more tetraspanins may be assayed using one or more of the abovemethods or any other method known to one skilled in the art. RNA levelsmay also be analysed to assess marker expression, for example qRT-PCR.

Microparticle Function

As noted above, a stem cell microparticle retains at least onebiological function of the stem cell from which it is derived.Biological functions that may be retained include the ability to promoteangiogenesis, tissue regeneration, tissue repair, and/or neurogenesis,the ability to effect cognitive improvement in the brain of a patientthat has suffered a stroke, or the ability to accelerate blood flowrecovery in peripheral arterial disease.

For example, CTX0E03 cells are known to inhibit T cell activation in aPBMC assay and, in one embodiment, the microparticles of the inventionretain this ability to inhibit T cell activation in a PBMC assay. PBMCassays are well-known to the skilled person and kits for performing theassay are commercially available.

Example 8, Table 2 and FIG. 6 demonstrate that CTX0E03 stem cellexosomes retain the ability to close a wound in a “scratch” model ofwound healing. The results show that the migration activity of normalhuman dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cultured in CTX0E03 conditioned media isalmost the same as the migration activity observed on the addition ofpurified exosomes. Accordingly, one biological function thatmicroparticles of the invention may retain is the ability to stimulatemigration activity of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). NHDFmigration assays are known in the art. Stimulation of NHDF migration maybe determined using an in vitro scratch (wound closure) assay, forexample the assay of Example 8(A). Wound closure is calculated as thearea covered by NHDF cells in relation to the initial wound area asdetermined at 0 hours. Stimulation of NHDF migration in this assay istypically defined as an increase in wound closure, typically a woundclosure at least 1.2× greater, more typically at least 1.5× greater,than the wound closure under basal conditions (without themicroparticles) after 24 hours. After 48 hours, the wound closure istypically at least 1.2× greater or 1.5× greater, more typically at least2× greater, than the wound closure under basal conditions (without themicroparticles). Stimulation of NHDF migration may also be defined ascausing a wound closure of 100%, as determined by the scratch assay, atleast 24 hours before 100% wound closure is observed under basalconditions.

Example 8 also shows that microvesicles of the invention are able tostimulate angiogenesis of primary HUVECs and to stimulate neuriteoutgrowth of PC-12 cells. Accordingly, a biological function thatmicroparticles of the invention may retain is the ability to stimulateangiogenesis of primary HUVECs and/or to stimulate neurite outgrowth ofPC-12 cells. Angiogenesis and neurite outgrowth assays are known in theart. Stimulation of angiogenesis of primary HUVECs may be determinedusing a 24 hour angiogenesis assay using an ibidi p-slide and Wimtubedetection and analysis of tube length and bifurcation points, forexample the assay of Example 8(B). Stimulation of angiogenesis in thisassay is typically defined as an increase compared to basalangiogenesis, e.g. >100% basal angiogenesis, typically at least 110%, atleast 120% or at least 140% basal angiogenesis (i.e. at least 1.1×, atleast 1.2× or at least 1.4× the basal level of angiogenesis).Stimulation of neurite outgrowth may be determined by detectingoutgrowth of PC-12 cells through a 1 μm insert, for example the assay ofExample 8(C). Stimulation of neurite outgrowth in this assay istypically defined as an increase in neurite outgrowth compared to basalconditions (without microparticles), or an increase in neurite outgrowthwhen the microparticle is combined with NGF compared to the addition ofNGF alone, as quantified by a spectrophotometer.

The proteomic analysis in Example 13 indicates that neural stem cellexosomes comprise biological functions associated with the production,packaging, function and degradation of genetic material. Accordingly, inone embodiment, exosomes of the invention retain these functions,typically one or more of RNA polymerase function, RNA degradationfunction, ribosome function and spliceosome function.

Immunogenicity

The (allogeneic) neural stem cell microparticles of the inventiontypically either do not trigger an immune response in vitro or in vivoor trigger an immune response which is substantially weaker than thatwhich would be expected to be triggered upon injection of an allogeneicstem cell population into a patient. In certain aspects of theinvention, the neural stem cell microparticles are considered not totrigger an immune response if at least about 70% of the microparticlesdo not trigger an immune response. In some embodiments, at least about80%, at least about 90% or at least about 95%, 99% or more of themicroparticles do not trigger an immune response. Preferably themicroparticles of the invention do not trigger an antibody mediatedimmune response or do not trigger a humoral immune response. Morepreferably the microparticles of the invention do not trigger either anantibody mediated response or a humoral immune response in vitro. Morepreferably still, the microparticles of the invention do not trigger amixed lymphocyte immune response. It will be understood by one skilledin the art that the ability of the cells of the invention to trigger animmune response can be tested in a variety of ways.

CTX0E03 cells transplanted in a rodent model of limb ischemia have beenpreviously demonstrated a faster and transient up-regulation of hostgenes involved in angiogenesis, such as CCL11, CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL5, IGF1,IL1β, IL6, HGF, HIF1α, bFGF, VEGFA, and VEGFC, compared to vehicletreated controls. hNSC treatment transiently elevates host innate immuneand angiogenic responses and accelerates tissue regeneration.

The CTX0E03 cell line has been previously demonstrated, using a humanPBMC assay, not to be immunogenic. Accordingly, microparticles producedby CTX0E03 cells are also expected to be non-immunogenic. The lack ofimmunogenicity allows the microparticles to avoid clearance by thehost/patient immune system and thereby exert their therapeutic effectwithout a deleterious immune and inflammatory response.

Stem Cells

The stem cell that produces the microparticle may be a stem cell line,i.e. a culture of stably dividing stem cells. A stem cell line can to begrown in large quantities using a single, defined source.Immortalisation may arise from a spontaneous event or may be achieved byintroducing exogenous genetic information into the stem cell whichencodes immortalisation factors, resulting in unlimited cell growth ofthe stem cell under suitable culture conditions. Such exogenous geneticfactors may include the gene “myc”, which encodes the transcriptionfactor Myc. The exogenous genetic information may be introduced into thestem cell through a variety of suitable means, such as transfection ortransduction. For transduction, a genetically engineered viral vehiclemay be used, such as one derived from retroviruses, for examplelentivirus.

Additional advantages are provided by using a conditionally immortalisedstem cell line, in which the expression of the immortalisation factorcan be regulated without adversely affecting the production oftherapeutically effective microparticles. This may be achieved byintroducing an immortalisation factor which is inactive unless the cellis supplied with an activating agent. Such an immortalisation factor maybe a gene such as c-mycER. The c-MycER gene product is a fusion proteincomprising a c-Myc variant fused to the ligand-binding domain of amutant estrogen receptor. C-MycER only drives cell proliferation in thepresence of the synthetic steroid 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) (Littlewoodet al. 1995). This approach allows for controlled expansion of e.g.neural stem cells in vitro, while avoiding undesired in vivo effects onhost cell proliferation (e.g. tumour formation) due to the presence ofc-Myc or the gene encoding it in microparticles derived from the neuralstem cell line. A suitable c-mycER conditionally immortalized neuralstem cell is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,416,888. The use of aconditionally immortalised neural stem cell line therefore provides animprovement over existing stem cell microparticle isolation andproduction. Other methods of conditional immortalisation are known inthe art.

Preferred conditionally-immortalised cell lines include the CTX0E03,STR0C05 and HPC0A07 neural stem cell lines, which have been deposited atthe European Collection of Animal Cultures (ECACC), Vaccine Research andProduction laboratories, Public Health Laboratory Services, Porton Down,Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, with Accession No. 04091601 (CTX0E03);Accession No. 04110301 (STR0C05); and Accession No. 04092302 (HPC0A07).The derivation and provenance of these cells is described in EP1645626B1. The advantages of these cells are retained by microparticlesproduced by these cells.

The cells of the CTX0E03 cell line may be cultured in the followingculture conditions:

-   -   Human Serum Albumin 0.03%    -   Transferrin, Human 5 μg/ml    -   Putrescine Dihydrochloride 16.2 μg/ml    -   Insulin Human recombinant 5 μ/ml    -   Progesterone 60 ng/ml    -   L-Glutamine 2 mM    -   Sodium Selenite (selenium) 40 ng/ml

Plus basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (10 ng/ml), epidermal growth factor(20 ng/ml) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen 100 nM for cell expansion. The cellscan be differentiated by removal of the 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Typically,the cells can either be cultured at 5% CO₂/37° C. or under hypoxicconditions of 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% or 1% O₂. These cell lines do not requireserum to be cultured successfully. Serum is required for the successfulculture of many cell lines, but contains many contaminants including itsown exosomes. A further advantage of the CTX0E03, STR0C05 or HPC0A07neural stem cell lines, or any other cell line that does not requireserum, is that the contamination by serum is avoided.

The cells of the CTX0E03 cell line (and microparticles derived fromthese cells) are multipotent cells originally derived from 12 week humanfetal cortex. The isolation, manufacture and protocols for the CTX0E03cell line is described in detail by Sinden, et al. (U.S. Pat. No.7,416,888 and EP1645626 B1). The CTX0E03 cells are not “embryonic stemcells”, i.e. they are not pluripotent cells derived from the inner cellmass of a blastocyst; isolation of the original cells did not result inthe destruction of an embryo.

The CTX0E03 cells (and microparticles derived from these cells) areangiogenic and so are useful in treating diseases requiringangiogenesis, such as Peripheral Arterial Disease. The cells (andmicroparticles derived from these cells) are also neurogenic and aretherefore useful in treating diseases requiring neurogenesis, such asthe ischaemia (stroke) damaged brain. CTX0E03 is a clonal cell line thatcontains a single copy of the c-mycER transgene that was delivered byretroviral infection and is conditionally regulated by 4-OHT(4-hydroxytamoxifen). The C-mycER transgene expresses a fusion proteinthat stimulates cell proliferation in the presence of 4-OHT andtherefore allows controlled expansion when cultured in the presence of4-OHT. This cell line is clonal, expands rapidly in culture (doublingtime 50-60 hours) and has a normal human karyotype (46 XY). It isgenetically stable and can be grown in large numbers. The cells are safeand non-tumorigenic. In the absence of growth factors and 4-OHT, thecells undergo growth arrest and differentiate into neurons andastrocytes. Once implanted into an ischemia-damaged brain, these cellsmigrate only to areas of tissue damage.

The development of the CTX0E03 cell line has allowed the scale-up of aconsistent product for clinical use. Production of cells from bankedmaterials allows for the generation of cells in quantities forcommercial application (Hodges et al, 2007).

Pollock et al 2006 describes that transplantation of CTX0E03 in a ratmodel of stroke (MCAo) caused statistically significant improvements inboth sensorimotor function and gross motor asymmetry at 6-12 weekspost-grafting. These data indicate that CTX0E03 has the appropriatebiological and manufacturing characteristics necessary for developmentas a therapeutic cell line.

Stevanato et al 2009 confirms that CTX0E03 cells downregulatedc-mycERTAM transgene expression both in vitro following EGF, bFGF and4-OHT withdrawal and in vivo following implantation in MCAo rat brain.The silencing of the c-mycERTAM transgene in vivo provides an additionalsafety feature of CTX0E03 cells for potential clinical application.

Smith et al 2012 describe preclinical efficacy testing of CTX0E03 in arat model of stroke (transient middle cerebral artery occlusion). Theresults indicate that CTX0E03 implants robustly recover behavioraldysfunction over a 3 month time frame and that this effect is specificto their site of implantation. Lesion topology is potentially animportant factor in the recovery, with a stroke confined to the striatumshowing a better outcome compared to a larger area of damage.

Neural retinal stem cell lines (for example as described in U.S. Pat.No. 7,514,259) may also be used according to the invention.

The term “culture medium” or “medium” is recognized in the art, andrefers generally to any substance or preparation used for thecultivation of living cells. The term “medium”, as used in reference toa cell culture, includes the components of the environment surroundingthe cells. Media may be solid, liquid, gaseous or a mixture of phasesand materials. Media include liquid growth media as well as liquid mediathat do not sustain cell growth. Media also include gelatinous mediasuch as agar, agarose, gelatin and collagen matrices. Exemplary gaseousmedia include the gaseous phase to which cells growing on a petri dishor other solid or semisolid support are exposed. The term “medium” alsorefers to material that is intended for use in a cell culture, even ifit has not yet been contacted with cells. In other words, a nutrientrich liquid prepared for bacterial culture is a medium. Similarly, apowder mixture that when mixed with water or other liquid becomessuitable for cell culture may be termed a “powdered medium”. “Definedmedium” refers to media that are made of chemically defined (usuallypurified) components. “Defined media” do not contain poorlycharacterized biological extracts such as yeast extract and beef broth.“Rich medium” includes media that are designed to support growth of mostor all viable forms of a particular species. Rich media often includecomplex biological extracts. A “medium suitable for growth of a highdensity culture” is any medium that allows a cell culture to reach anOD600 of 3 or greater when other conditions (such as temperature andoxygen transfer rate) permit such growth. The term “basal medium” refersto a medium which promotes the growth of many types of microorganismswhich do not require any special nutrient supplements. Most basal mediagenerally comprise of four basic chemical groups: amino acids,carbohydrates, inorganic salts, and vitamins. A basal medium generallyserves as the basis for a more complex medium, to which supplements suchas serum, buffers, growth factors, lipids, and the like are added. Inone aspect, the growth medium may be a complex medium with the necessarygrowth factors to support the growth and expansion of the cells of theinvention while maintaining their self-renewal capability. Examples ofbasal media include, but are not limited to, Eagles Basal Medium,Minimum Essential Medium, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, Medium199, Nutrient Mixtures Ham's F-10 and Ham's F-12, McCoy's 5A, Dulbecco'sMEM/F-I 2, RPMI 1640, and Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM).

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The stem cell microparticle of the invention is useful in therapy andcan therefore be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition. Apharmaceutically acceptable composition typically includes at least onepharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, vehicle and/or excipientin addition to the microparticles of the invention. An example of asuitable carrier is Ringer's Lactate solution. A thorough discussion ofsuch components is provided in Gennaro (2000) Remington: The Science andPractice of Pharmacy. 20th edition, ISBN: 0683306472.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer tothose compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are,within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contactwith the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity,irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication,commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of pHbuffering agents. The carrier may comprise storage media such asHypothermosol®, commercially available from BioLife Solutions Inc., USA.Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in“Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E W Martin. Such compositionswill contain a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of aprophylactic or therapeutic microparticle preferably in purified form,together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form forproper administration to the subject. The formulation should suit themode of administration. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcompositions are sterile and in suitable form for administration to asubject, preferably an animal subject, more preferably a mammaliansubject, and most preferably a human subject.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be in a variety offorms. These include, for example, semi-solid, and liquid dosage forms,such as lyophilized preparations, liquid solutions or suspensions,injectable and infusible solutions. The pharmaceutical composition ispreferably injectable. A particular advantage of the microparticles ofthe invention is their improved robustness compared to the stem cellsfrom which they are obtained; the microparticles can therefore besubjected to formulation, such as lyophilisation, that would not besuitable for stem cells.

It is preferred that the methods, medicaments and compositions of theinvention are used for treating or repairing damaged tissue, and/or forthe treatment, modulation, prophylaxis, and/or amelioration of one ormore symptoms associated with tissue disorders. Particularly preferredis the use of the methods, medicaments, compositions and microparticlesof the invention in regenerative therapy, typically the treatment ofstroke, peripheral arterial disease or blindness-causing diseases of theretina.

Pharmaceutical compositions will generally be in aqueous form.Compositions may include a preservative and/or an antioxidant.

To control tonicity, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise aphysiological salt, such as a sodium salt. Sodium chloride (NaCl) ispreferred, which may be present at between 1 and 20 mg/ml. Other saltsthat may be present include potassium chloride, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, disodium phosphate dehydrate, magnesium chloride and calciumchloride.

Compositions may include one or more buffers. Typical buffers include: aphosphate buffer; a Tris buffer; a borate buffer; a succinate buffer; ahistidine buffer; or a citrate buffer. Buffers will typically beincluded at a concentration in the 5-20 mM range. The pH of acomposition will generally be between 5 and 8, and more typicallybetween 6 and 8 e.g. between 6.5 and 7.5, or between 7.0 and 7.8.

The composition is preferably sterile. The composition is preferablygluten free. The composition is preferably non-pyrogenic.

In a typical embodiment, the microparticles are suspended in acomposition comprising 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylicacid (Trolox®), Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, H₂P0₄ ⁻, HEPES, lactobionate,sucrose, mannitol, glucose, dextron-40, adenosine and glutathione.Typically, the composition will not include a dipolar aprotic solvent,e.g. DMSO. Suitable compositions are available commercially, e.g.HypoThermasol®-FRS. Such compositions are advantageous as they allow themicroparticles to be stored at 4° C. to 25° C. for extended periods(hours to days) or preserved at cryothermic temperatures, i.e.temperatures below −20° C. The microparticles may then be administeredin this composition after thawing.

The pharmaceutical composition can be administered by any appropriateroute, which will be apparent to the skilled person depending on thedisease or condition to be treated. Typical routes of administrationinclude intravenous, intra-arterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous,intracranial, intranasal or intraperitoneal. For treatment of a disorderof the brain, one option is to administer the microparticlesintra-cerebrally, typically to the site of damage or disease.

The microparticles will be administered at a therapeutically orprophylactically-effective dose, which will be apparent to the skilledperson. Due to the low or non-existent immunogenicity of themicroparticles, it is possible to administer repeat doses withoutinducing a deleterious immune response.

Therapeutic Uses

The microparticles of the invention are useful in the treatment orprophylaxis of disease. Accordingly, the invention includes a method oftreating or preventing a disease or disorder in a patient using amicroparticle of the invention. The term “patient” includes human andother mammalian subjects that receive either prophylactic or therapeutictreatment.

As noted above, the compositions comprising miRNAs of the invention arealso useful in these therapies, and references to therapeutic uses ofmicroparticles herein therefore applies equally to the compositionscomprising miRNAs.

Therapeutically useful microparticles of the invention have regenerativeactivity. A microparticle having regenerative activity is amicroparticle that is capable of activating or enhancing regenerativeprocesses, or inhibiting or reducing degenerative processes.Regenerative processes lead to renewal, restoration, repair and/orgrowth of cells and tissues. Degenerative processes lead to a loss ofcell or tissue integrity and/or function. This may be particularlyuseful in treating damaged or disturbed cells or tissues, such as thoseresulting from Stroke, psychiatric disorders, myocardial infarction,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Peripheral arterial disease.

The microparticles of the invention are useful in tissue regeneration.“Tissue regeneration” is the process of increasing the number of cellsin a tissue following a trauma. The trauma can be anything which causesthe cell number to diminish. For example, an accident, an autoimmunedisorder or a disease state could constitute trauma. Tissue regenerationincreases the cell number within the tissue and enables connectionsbetween cells of the tissue to be re-established, and the functionalityof the tissue to be regained.

The therapy may be regenerative therapy requiring tissue replacement,regeneration or repair. The therapy may be for a neurological disease,disorder or deficit. The therapy may improve functional and/or cognitiverecovery. The therapy may be of stroke, peripheral arterial disease,neuropathy or any other disease or disorder that requires tissueregeneration, revascularisation or local anti-inflammatory action,including:

-   -   (i) Neurological disorder, disease or deficit, such as        Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Stroke, or ALS;    -   (ii) Lysosomal storage disorders;    -   (iii) Cardiovascular disorders, such as Myocardial Infarction,        congestive heart failure, Peripheral Arterial Disease, diabetic        ulcers, wound healing;    -   (iv) Diseases of the lung, including Idiopathic Pulmonary        Fibrosis, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Chronic Obstructive        Pulmonary Disease, Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension, Cystic        Fibrosis and Asthma;    -   (v) Metabolic or inflammatory disorders, such as Diabetes (I or        II), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lupus, Crohn's        disease, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, or Graft versus Host        Disease;    -   (vi) Psychiatric disorders, such as Depression, Bipolar        disorder, Schizophrenia or an Autistic syndrome disorder such as        Autism, Asperger's syndrome or Rett Syndrome;    -   (vii) Blindness-causing diseases of the retina, such as        Age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, diabetic        retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa; and    -   (viii) Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis,        cerebral palsy, central pontine myelinolysis, tabes dorsalis,        transverse myelitis, Devic's disease, progressive multifocal        leukoencephalopathy, optic neuritis, leukodystrophies,        Guillain-Barre syndrome, Anti-MAG peripheral neuropathy and        Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

In one embodiment, the microparticle and compositions containing themare not used for immune modulation. In one embodiment, the therapy isnot related to immunomodulation.

The invention also provides a method for treating or preventing adisease or condition comprising administering an effective amount of themicroparticle of the invention, thereby treating or preventing thedisease. Typically, the disease or condition is as identified above.

The microparticles of the invention can be used to treat the samediseases as the stem cells from which they are obtained. Neural stemcells are known to be useful in the treatment of diseases including:Stroke, brain damage such as motor, sensory and/or cognitive deficit,psychiatric disorders, myocardial infarction, Amyotrophic lateralsclerosis, limb ischaemia, peripheral arterial disease. Accordingly, themicroparticles of the invention are also useful in the treatment ofStroke, brain damage such as motor, sensory and/or cognitive deficit,psychiatric disorders, myocardial infarction, Amyotrophic lateralsclerosis, limb ischaemia, peripheral arterial disease.

FIG. 6 and Example 8 demonstrate that exosomes obtained from neural stemcells stimulate wound healing. Accordingly, in one embodiment, exosomesof the invention are used to treat a disease or condition requiringtissue replacement, regeneration or repair. Such conditions includediabetic ulcers and wound healing. FIG. 6C shows that exosomes isolatedfrom NSCs cultured for 6 weeks are more efficacious than exosomesisolated from NSCs cultured for 2 weeks. Accordingly, in one embodiment,exosomes isolated from NSCs (typically CTX0E03 cells) that have beencultured (typically in a multi-compartment bioreactor) for at least 2weeks, more typically at least 4 weeks or at least 6 weeks, are used totreat a disease or condition requiring tissue replacement, regenerationor repair. Optionally, the NSCs have been cultured for no more than tenweeks, e.g. between 2 and 10 weeks, between 3 and 10 weeks, between 4and 10 weeks, between 5 and 10 weeks or between 6 and 10 weeks.

The observed increased efficacy of exosomes isolated from NSCs (CTX0E03cells) that have been cultured (in a multi-compartment bioreactor) for 6weeks correlates with the observed reduction in size of the exosomes toaround 70 nm diameter, which also occurred after culturing the cells for6 weeks. Accordingly, in one embodiment, exosomes isolated from NSCs(typically CTX0E03 cells) that have been cultured (typically in amulti-compartment bioreactor) for at least 6 weeks are used to treat adisease or condition requiring tissue replacement, regeneration orrepair. As noted above, optionally the NSCs have been cultured for nomore than ten weeks, e.g. between 6 and 10 weeks. In another embodiment,exosomes isolated from NSCs (typically CTX0E03 cells) having a diameterless than 100 nm, typically less than 80 nm, for example around 70 nmdiameter, are used to treat a disease or condition requiring tissuereplacement, regeneration or repair.

As shown in FIG. 12 and discussed in Example 8, microvesicles obtainedfrom neural stem cells stimulate angiogenesis. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, microvesicles of the invention are used to treat a diseaseor condition requiring angiogenesis, typically a disease or disorderthat is treated by tissue regeneration and/or revascularisation.Microvesicles of the invention can be used in the treatment ofcardiovascular disorders, such as Myocardial Infarction, congestiveheart failure, Peripheral Arterial Disease, diabetic ulcers and woundhealing. The stimulation of angiogenesis is also therapeutically usefulin the treatment of ischaemia, in particular cardiac ischaemia and limbischaemia. FIG. 12 shows that microvesicles harvested from NSCs culturedfor at least 3 weeks are more efficacious than microvesicles isolatedfrom NSCs cultured for 1 or 2 weeks. Accordingly, in one embodiment,microvesicles isolated from NSCs (typically CTX0E03 cells) that havebeen cultured (typically in a multi-compartment bioreactor) for at least3 weeks, more typically at least 4 weeks or at least 6 weeks, are usedto treat a disease or condition requiring angiogenesis. Optionally, theNSCs have been cultured for no more than ten weeks, e.g. between 3 and10 weeks, between 4 and 10 weeks, between 5 and 10 weeks or between 6and 10 weeks.

As shown in FIG. 13 and discussed in Example 8, microvesicles obtainedfrom neural stem cells stimulate neurite outgrowth. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, microvesicles of the invention are used to treat aneurological disease, disorder or deficit, such as Parkinson's disease,Alzheimer's disease, Stroke, neuropathy or ALS.

In prophylactic applications, pharmaceutical compositions or medicamentsare administered to a patient susceptible to, or otherwise at risk of, aparticular disease in an amount sufficient to eliminate or reduce therisk or delay the outset of the disease. In therapeutic applications,compositions or medicaments are administered to a patient suspected of,or already suffering from such a disease in an amount sufficient tocure, or at least partially arrest, the symptoms of the disease and itscomplications. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as atherapeutically- or pharmaceutically-effective dose. In bothprophylactic and therapeutic regimes, agents are typically administeredin several dosages until a sufficient response has been achieved.Typically, the response is monitored and repeated dosages are given ifthe response starts to fade.

The microparticles of the invention may optionally be combined with astem cell to provide a combination therapy. The stem cell is optionallythe stem cell from which the microparticle is derived, e.g. if themicroparticle is an exosome from a CTX0E03 cell, then the stem cell foruse in combination therapy may be a CTX0E03 cell. A stem cell andmicroparticle can optionally be (i) administered together in a singlepharmaceutical composition, (ii) administered contemporaneously orsimultaneously but separately, or (iii) administered separately andsequentially, e.g. stem cell followed by microparticle, or microparticlefollowed by stem cell. When the stem cell and microparticle areadministered separately and sequentially, the duration between theadministration of the cell and microparticle may be one hour, one day,one week, two weeks or more.

In one embodiment, a prophylactic therapy induces tolerance, typicallyimmunotolerance, in a host that is to receive the stem cells from whichthe microparticle is derived. In one embodiment, the administration ofone or more doses of microparticles of the invention to a patient, priorto administration of a stem cell therapy, can be used to reduce the riskof an adverse immune response, i.e. “rejection”, of the stem celltherapy. In another embodiment, tolerance to the stem cells can beincreased by administering stem cells together with microparticles ofthe invention, as discussed above.

Effective doses of the compositions of the present invention, for thetreatment of the above described conditions vary depending upon manydifferent factors, including means of administration, target site,physiological state of the patient, whether the patient is human or ananimal, other medications administered, and whether treatment isprophylactic or therapeutic. Usually, the patient is a human.

The CTX0E03 cell line has been shown to be effective in treating stroke,peripheral arterial disease, brain damage such as motor, sensory and/orcognitive deficit, and psychiatric disorders. The cells are currentlybeing tested in a clinical trial for treatment of disabled strokepatients (Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01151124). WO-A-2012/004611describes the use of the CTX0E03 cells in treating psychiatric disordersincluding unipolar and bipolar depression, schizophrenia, obsessivecompulsive disorder, autism and autistic syndrome disorders.Accordingly, microparticles produced by CTX0E03 cells are also able totreat stroke, peripheral arterial disease, blindness-causing diseases ofthe retina (such as retinitis pigmentosa), brain damage such as motor,sensory and/or cognitive deficit, and psychiatric disorders.

As used herein, the terms “treat”, “treatment”, “treating” and “therapy”when used directly in reference to a patient or subject shall be takento mean the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with adisorder, or the prevention or prophylaxis of a disorder or one or moresymptoms associated with a disorder. The disorders to be treatedinclude, but are not limited to, a degenerative disorder, a disorderinvolving tissue destruction, a neoplastic disorder, an inflammatorydisorder, an autoimmune disease or an immunologically mediated diseaseincluding rejection of transplanted organs and tissues. Amelioration orprevention of symptoms results from the administration of themicroparticles of the invention, or of a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising these microparticles, to a subject in need of said treatment.

Tracing Administered Cells and Microparticles In Vivo

The present invention provides a distinct marker profile formicroparticles produced by neural stem cells. It is therefore possibleto detect the presence of these microparticles in vivo, by testing asample obtained from a patient and determining whether the markerprofile in the sample matches that of the microparticles. If the sampleprofile matches the profile of the microparticles described herein, thenthis confirms the presence of the microparticles. This can be used todetect not only the presence and/or biodistribution of themicroparticles themselves, but also the presence of stem cells producingthe microparticles. This is particularly useful when detecting whether astem cell administered in vivo has engrafted into the host tissue,and/or has migrated, for example in ADME(T) studies.

Detection of the microparticles in vivo can be used to monitor thecourse of a treatment wherein microparticles or stem cells areadministered to a patient. Determining the presence, absence or amountof microparticles or cells producing microparticles of the invention ina patient allows the dosage regime to be altered accordingly, e.g. toincrease or decrease the dose as required to provide an effective amountof microparticles or stem cells in vivo.

Methods of Producing Microparticles

Microparticles are isolated from cell conditioned media, typically stemcell conditioned media. The “conditioned medium” (CM) may be a growthmedium for stem cells, which has been used to culture a mass culture ofstem cells for at least about 12 hours, at least about 24 hours, atleast about 48 hours or least about 72 hours, typically up to 168 hours(7 days), removed and sterilized by any suitable means, preferably byfiltration, prior to use, if required.

Alternatively, microparticles may be harvested from a two-compartmentbioreactor which allows the cell culture, and hence the conditionedmedia, to be maintained for longer periods of time, for example at least2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 5 weeks, at least6 weeks or more. The system maintains the cells and secretedmicroparticles within a small cell compartment (approximately 15 ml)which is separated from a larger reservoir of medium by a 10 kDasemi-permeable membrane. This allows the efficient removal of metabolicwaste products while effectively maintaining an extremely high celldensity to maximize microparticle production. Example 9, and FIGS. 7 and8, demonstrate that use of a two-compartment bioreactor results in amuch higher yield of microparticles than is obtained when a standardcell culture flask (T175 flask) is used.

The microparticles may be separated from other media components based onmolecular weight, size, shape, hydrodynamic radius, composition, charge,substrate-ligand interaction, absorbance or scattering ofelectromagnetic waves, or biological activity. In one embodiment, theconditioned media is filtered using a filter of appropriate size toseparate the desired microparticle, for example a 100K MWCO filter.Optionally, the stem cell-conditioned medium is concentrated prior tothe isolation of the microparticles by subjecting the concentratedNSC-conditioned medium to size exclusion chromatography. The UVabsorbant fractions can then be selected for isolation of themicroparticles of interest.

Different microparticles can be isolated from the media by usingdifferent isolation techniques and parameters. For example, exosomeshave a vesicle density of 1.13-1.19 g/mL and can be isolated bydifferential centrifugation and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation at100,000-200,000 g. Microvesicles can be isolated by filtration (100KMWCO) and differential centrifugation at 18,000-20,000 g. Membraneparticles have a density of 1.04-01.07 g/ml and Exosome-like vesicleshave a density of 1.1 g/ml.

A typical production method comprises: culturing stem cells to produceconditioned media; removing cell debris by centrifugation at 1500 rpm;isolating microvesicles (<1000 kDa) by ultrafiltration through a 100KMWCO filter or isolating exosomes (30-100 nm) by ultracentrifugation at120,000 g; followed by quantification using a BCA protein assay.

Conditionally Immortalised Stem Cells as Producer Cells forMicroparticles

In one aspect of the invention, conditionally immortalised stem cellsare used to produce microparticles such as microvesicles and/orexosomes. Conditional immortalisation provides a constant supply ofclonal cells that produce microparticles such as exosomes. Theseconditionally immortalised stem cells are typically neural stem cells,but may be a stem cell of any type, for example a haematopoietic stemcell or a mesenchymal stem cell. The conditionally immortalised stemcell may be a CD34⁺ cell. A method of producing stem cell microparticlesis therefore provided, comprising the steps of culturingconditionally-immortalised stem cells and harvesting the microparticlesthat are produced by the cells. Conditional immortalisation of stemcells is known in the art, as described above; in one embodiment,conditional immortalisation is achieved by introducing c-mycER, whichdrives cell proliferation only in the presence of the synthetic steroid4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT). For the avoidance of doubt, this method isnot limited to the use of neural stem cells.

The Examples demonstrate the production of exosomes fromconditionally-immortalised neural stem cells and CD34+ cord blood cells.This exemplification can readily be applied to other cell types,including mesenchymal stem cells.

When the stem cell used to produce microparticles is a neural stem cell,it may be any of the neural stem cells described herein, for example theCTX0E03 conditionally-immortalised cell line which is clonal,standardised, shows clear safety in vitro and in vivo and can bemanufactured to scale thereby providing a unique resource for stableexosome production. Alternatively, the neural stem cells may be neuralretinal stem cell lines, optionally as described in U.S. Pat. No.7,514,259.

Microparticles may also be produced from conditionally-immortalisedneurosphere initiating stem cells (NS-IC) that are CD45−, CD34−. Thesecells can initiate neurosphere culture. A neurosphere is an aggregate orcluster of cells which includes neural stem cells and primitiveprogenitors. NS-IC cells are known in the art, for example as describedin EP 1900811 B1 (StemCells Inc.). NS-IC cells are typically AC133⁺.

In another embodiment, the conditionally immortalised stem cells areoligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). OPCs are precursors tooligodendrocytes and are typically also able to differentiate intoastrocytes and, optionally, neurons. OPCs typically express theproteoglycan PDGFRα. OPCs are described, for example, inWO-A-2010/075500 (StemCells Inc.); these OPCs are PDGFRα⁺/CD105⁻ andoptionally CD133⁺.

When the stem cell used to produce microparticles is a mesenchymal stemcell, it may optionally be a conditionally-immortalised adipose-derivedstem cell (“ADSC”) or a conditionally-immortalised version of themesenchymal stem cells described in WO-A-2009/105044; these cells areCD29+, CD44+, CD49a+/e+, CD105+, CD166+, CD34−, CD45−.

In a further embodiment, microparticles are produced byconditionally-immortalised human bone marrow derived stem cellsexpressing CD73, CD90 and CD105 and not expressing CD14, CD19, CD34,CD45 and HLA-DR, wherein at least 50% of the cells of the cellpopulation express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and secreteBDNF. Such cells are described in EP-A-2620493 (Brainstorm CellTherapeutics).

In one embodiment, the conditionally immortalised mesenchymal stem cellis an endometrial regenerative cell (“ERC”). ERCs are known in the artand are typically isolated from menstrual blood. ERCs typically expressCD9, CD29, CD41a, CD44, CD59, CD73, CD90 and CD105.

The production of exosomes from non-conditionally-immortalised ERCs isdescribed, for example, in US patent publication number US2013/0195899(Medistem Inc.).

A further embodiment provides microparticles from conditionallyimmortalised multipotent adult progenitor cells (“MAPCs”), which aretypically derived from bone marrow. MAPCs are known in the art andtypically express Oct3 and telomerase. MAPCS are being developed byAthersys Inc. as the “Multistem” product. In one embodiment, MAPCs arehuman multipotent non-embryonic, non-germ cells that can differentiateinto at least one cell type of each of at least two of the endodermal,ectodermal, and mesodermal embryonic lineages, express telomerase, andoptionally express Oct-3. These MAPCs have typically undergone at least10-40 cell doublings in culture (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No.8,147,824; Athersys, Inc.). In another embodiment the MAPCs are a humancell population that express CD90 and CD49c and one or more of sox-9,sox-11, hox-A5, and MSX-1, and optionally express telomerase. Thesecells typically show that marker profile after having undergone 22 celldoublings in culture.

Another embodiment of mesenchymal stem cells that can beconditionally-immortalised according to the invention are mesenchymalprogenitor cells (MPCs). MPCs express SDF-1 (stroma derived factor 1—apotent stroma derived CXCα chemokine). MPCs can typically differentiateinto bone, fat and cartilage. MPCs may typically be isolated byselection for SDF-1 expression, for example using an SDF-1 antibody.MPCs are typically isolated from bone marrow. MPCs are typicallypositive for at least one marker selected from the group consisting ofSTRO-I^(bright) VCAM-I^(bright), THY-I^(bright), CD146^(bright) andSTRO-2^(bright). Optionally, the MPCs carry at least two markersselected from the group of surface markers specific for MPCs consistingof STRO-I^(bri), LFA-3, THY-I, VCAM-I, ICAM-I, PECAM-I, P-selectin,L-selectin, CD49a/CD49b/CD29, CD49c/CD29, CD49d/CD29, CD29, CDI 8, CD61,beta-1 integrin, 6-19, thrombomodulin, CDIO, CD13, SCF, PDGF-R, EGF-R,IGFI-R, NGF-R, FGF-R, Leptin-R, RANKL and CD 146 or any combination ofthese markers. The survival and/or proliferation of the MPC, or theirprogeny, may be enhanced by exposure to SDF-I or an analog thereof (see,for example, WO2006032075, Angioblast Inc. [now Mesoblast, Inc.]). MPCsare being developed commercially by Mesoblast under the name “Revascor”.

Other conditionally-immortalised stem cells from which microparticles,such as exosomes, can be isolated include haematopoietic stem cells,typically CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells, optionally isolated fromumbilical cord blood (often referred to as “cord blood cells”). Example15 and FIG. 20A-C demonstrates that Human CD34+ progenitor cells derivedfrom cord blood were successfully conditionally immortalized with ac-mycERTAM lentivirus, and produce exosomes expressing thecharacteristic marker Alix.

Umbilical cord blood also includes non-haematopoietic stem cells, whichcan also be conditionally immortalised and used to producemicroparticles.

Hematopoietic stem cells are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,794,705(Amorcyte Inc.). These cells are CD34+/CXCR-4+ cells that haveCXCR-4-mediated chemotactic activity and are able to form hematopoieticcolonies in vitro.

Microparticles may also be produced by conditionally-immortalised verysmall embryonic like stem cells (VSELs) derived from a human, which aretypically CD133⁺ CXCR4⁺ CD34⁺ Lin⁻ CD45⁻ (for example as described byWO2010039241, NeoStem Inc.). The VSELs are optionally Oct-4⁺, SSEA⁺,Nanog⁺, or express Oct-4 protein in nuclei and SSEA antigens on thesurface.

The conditionally-immortalised stem cell may be a Multipotent AdultProgenitor Cell (“MAPC”). MAPCs are known in the art (see, for example,Reading et al. J Immunol. 2013 May 1; 190(9):4542-52).

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells may also beconditionally-immortalised and used to produce exosomes. iPS cells areknown in the art, as reviewed by Malik and Rao Methods Mol Biol, 2013;997-23-33.

Conditionally Immortalised Differentiated (Non-Stem) Cells as ProducerCells for Microparticles

Conditional immortalisation is not limited to stem cells. Accordingly,in a further aspect of the invention, conditionally immortaliseddifferentiated (i.e. non-stem) cells are used to produce microparticlessuch as microvesicles and/or exosomes.

Fibroblasts may be conditionally-immortalised and used to producemicroparticles such as exosomes. Typically, the fibroblast is a humandermal fibroblast.

Dendritic cells may also be conditionally-immortalised and used toproduce microparticles such as exosomes.

Methods of Inducing Microparticle Secretion

The inventors have found that it is possible to increase the productionof microparticles by cells, typically stem cells. This finding, which isnot limited to neural stem cells and can be used for the production ofmicroparticles from any cell (typically stem cell), allows for animproved yield of microparticles to be obtained from a stem cellculture. This improved yield is particularly advantageous when combinedwith the continuous supply of microparticles provided byconditionally-immortalised cells.

A first technique to increase the production of microparticles by the(stem) cells is to treat the stem cells with one or more of TGF-β, IFN-γor TNF-α, typically at between 1 and 25 ng/ml e.g. 10 ng/ml, for between12 to 96 hours prior to the removal of conditioned media.

As explained in Example 2 below, the frequency of the occurrence ofmultivesicular bodies (MVBs) was observed to be altered by the presenceof TGF-β, IFN-γ or TNF-α (10 ng/ml). The frequency was highest in thepresence of TGF-β, followed by IFN-γ, followed by TNF-α. Therefore,adding one or more of TGF-β, IFN-γ or TNF-α to the stem cell culturemedium will stimulate the production of microparticles by the cells. Themicroparticles can then be harvested, by separating the microparticlesfrom other components as described above.

A second technique to increase the production of microparticles by thestem cells is to culture the cells under hypoxic conditions. Culturingcells under hypoxic conditions is well-known to the skilled person, andinvolves culturing the cells in an atmosphere that has less thanatmospheric level of O₂, i.e. less than 21% O₂. This is typicallyachieved by placing the cells in an incubator that allows oxygen levelsto be changed. Hypoxic culture typically involves culturing in anatmosphere containing less than 10% O₂, more typically 5% or less O₂,for example 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, or 1% or less O₂.

The inventors have also realised that co-culturing a stem cell with adifferent cell type can alter the production of microparticles by thestem cell. The different cell type may be a non-stem cell, i.e. aterminally differentiated cell type. Typically, the different cell typeis one with which the stem cell would interact in vivo. In oneembodiment, neural stem cells are co-cultured with epithelial cells suchas endothelial cells, typically Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells(HUVEC). It has been observed that in vivo, NSCs and the vasculatureinteract, with proliferating NSCs being localized in close proximity oradjacent to blood vessels. Receptor tyrosine kinase activation andsignal protein secretion has also been observed to be upregulated whenNSCs are co-cultured with endothelial cells, again indicating that thevasculature modulates the proliferation capacity of NSCs. Withoutwishing to be bound by theory, the inventors believe that in vivo, thereis a pivotal interplay between NSCs and microvessels (i.e. endothelialcells) in the process of tissue regeneration, through amplification ofcytokine expression. Microparticles, e.g. exosomes, derived from NSCs(for example CTX0E03 cells) co-cultured with endothelial cells (forexample HUVEC) are therefore primed for therapeutic use, because theyhave been produced in an environment that mimics the in vivo environmentin which the stem cells and microparticles are active.

Therefore, culturing a stem cell with a different cell type may improvethe amount of microparticles produced and/or may refine the content ofthe microparticles, typically so that the microparticles produced by thestem cells are biased towards an activated state of tissue repair.Accordingly, microparticles produced by stem cells that have beenco-cultured with other cells, e.g. NSCs co-cultured with endothelialcells, are advantageous. These microparticles may be obtained byisolation from the co-cultured stem-cell conditioned media, as describedherein.

Surprisingly, the present inventors have realised that the amount ofmicroparticles produced by stem cells can be increased greatly simply byculturing stem cells in a multi-compartment bioreactor. This finding isnot limited to neural stem cells and applies generally to the culture ofall stem cells. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention provides amethod of producing microparticles from stem cells that have beencultured in a multi-compartment bioreactor. The cells from which themicroparticles are harvested have typically been cultured for at leastone week, typically at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 days, forexample 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, 20 days, 21 days ormore, for example at least three weeks, four weeks, five weeks, sixweeks or more. It can be seen from FIG. 8 that the increase inmicroparticle production, week on week, is not merely additive but isexponential. The prolonged culture typically has been observed in theIntegra Celline system two-compartment bioreactor (commerciallyavailable from Integra Biosciences AG, Zizers, Switzerland) but thefindings are not limited to this specific multi-compartment bioreactor;any multi-compartment bioreactor can be used. This culture method can beused to produce microparticles from any stem cell type, including butnot limited to neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells.

Method of Screening for an Agent that Alters Microparticle Production

The invention provides a method of screening for an agent that altersthe production of a microparticle by a conditionally-immortalised cell,typically a conditionally-immortalised stem cell. This method comprisescontacting a conditionally-immortalised (e.g. stem) cell with acandidate agent, typically under conditions suitable for microparticleproduction, and observing whether (i) the rate of production ofmicroparticles by the contacted conditionally-immortalised cellincreases or decreases, or (ii) the characteristics (e.g. size, protein,mRNA or miRNA content) of the microparticles changes, compared to acontrol stem cell that is not contacted with the agent.

Method for Screening Total RNA Composition of Conditioned Medium

Following centrifugation (5 min at 1500 rpm), microparticles arecollected from conditioned medium through filtration (0.02-0.2 μm, or100K MWCO). Total RNA is obtained using trizol based extraction followedby purification using Qiagen RNaesy mini kit. The extract in water has a260:280 nm absorbance suggesting that it may be RNA. Total RNA isretro-transcribed with either a protocol suitable for mRNA (SuperscriptII RT, Invitrogen) or miRNA (mScript RT kit, Qiagen). Validation of mRNAand miRNA presence is proven by qRT-PCR using primers for ATP5B andYWHAZ for mRNA, and U6B and 15a for miRNA housekeeping genesrespectively. The RNA may be assessed by a generic gene expressionanalysis assay such as an array (micro array or PCR based array), andsequencing.

Kits

The invention provides a kit for use in a method for producing themicroparticle of the invention. The kit comprises a cell culture medium,a conditionally-immortalised cell and instructions for producing themicroparticle of claim 22 using the kit. Optionally, the kit comprisesone or more components of claim 19 or 20. The kit may also comprise amicroparticle according to the invention, for use as a control. Thecontrol microparticle is optionally lypohilised. The kit may alsocontain optionally a detection agent suitable for detection of theproduced microparticles, for example an antibody that binds specificallyto a marker protein that can be used to identify the microparticle.

The invention is further described with reference to the followingnon-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of Neural Stem Cells and Neural Stem CellMicroparticles for Visualisation by Electron Microscopy Method EmbeddingCTX0E03 Cells for Electron Microscopy

-   -   5×70% CTX0E03 cultures    -   Treat with +/−4OHT, IFNγ, TNFα and TGFβ (all at 10 ng for 24        hrs)    -   Detach cells and fix overnight in 2.5% Gluteraldehyde in 0.1M        Cacodylate pH7.4    -   Cells spun down 300 g    -   Buffered osmium 2%, 1.5 hrs    -   Spin, wash water, overnight    -   Uranium acetate 2%, 2 hrs    -   Spin, wash water, 30 mins    -   Ethanol gradient 20, 35, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100%, over weekend.    -   100% propylene oxide (PO), 1 hr    -   Spin, 50% Agar LV resin in PO, 1 hr    -   75% LV resin/PO 5 hrs    -   100% resin overnight at 60° C.    -   Cool to RT before cutting (60-80 nm), Imaged TEM at 200 Kv.

Results

FIG. 1A-E shows the electron micrographs of the multivesicular bodies(MVBs) containing exosomes of approximately 30 nm-50 nm in diameter.FIG. 1F shows microvesicles >100 nm in diameter.

Example 2 Production of Neural Stem Cell Microparticles from a NeuralStem Cell Line Method

5 Sub-confluent flasks containing the same culture of CTX0E03 cells wereindividually treated with either 10 ng/ml TGF-β, 10 ng/ml IFNγ, or 10ng/ml TNFα alongside full growth media controls with or without theaddition of 4OHT. 72 hours after treatment, the cells were collectedusing trypzean/EDTA, washed and fixed overnight in 2.5% Gluteraldehydein 0.1M Cacodylate pH7.4 ready for electron microscopy evaluation.

Results

The frequency of the occurrence of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) wasobserved to be altered by the presence of TGF-β, IFN-γ or TNF-α. Thefrequency was highest in the presence of TGF-β, followed by IFN-γ,followed by TNF-α.

Conclusion

The production of microparticles from neural stem cells can bestimulated by the addition of the factors TGF-β, IFN-γ or TNF-α. Thishas the potential for more efficient production of microparticles.

Example 3 Purification, Quantification and Characterisation of NeuralStem Cell Microparticles Method

An outline protocol for producing large quantities of microparticles isprovided in FIG. 2. The main steps are purification, quantification,characterisation, efficacy testing and manufacture.

-   -   (1) Purification        -   Microparticles can be purified from stem cell-conditioned            medium by ultracentrifugation, e.g. at 100000×g for 1-2            hours. Alternative or additional methods for purification of            may be used, such as antibody-based methods, e.g.            immunoprecipitation, magnetic bead purification, resin-based            purification, using specific antibodies.    -   (2) Quantification        -   Purified microparticles can be quantified by quantification            of total nucleic acid or protein levels, e.g. various PCR or            colorimetric protein quantification methods such as such as            the BCA assay. Other quantification techniques may            alternatively be used, including an electron microscopy grid            or an immune-assay using antibodies or antibody fragments            that specifically bind to microparticle-specific markers            (e.g. ELISA, immunoblotting).    -   (3) Characterisation        -   The microparticles can be functionally or structurally            characterised. RNA/mRNA/miRNA and protein profiling can be            used using methods well known in the art (SDS-PAGE, mass            spectrometry, PCR). Constitutively secreted microparticles            can be tested and compared to microparticles that have been            induced by addition of an inducing agent such as            transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interferon-gamma            (INF-γ) and/or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).    -   (4) Therapeutic Efficacy        -   The efficacy of the microparticles can be tested by in vitro            and in vivo assays. For in vitro evaluation, neural stem            cell microparticles can be added to cultures of monocytes,            PBMCs, endothelial cells and/or fibroblasts and the effect            of the microparticles on these cells evaluated.            Administration of neural stem cell microparticles to            suitable animal models can be used to evaluate the in vivo            efficacy. Clinical trials can be performed to evaluate            safety and outcome of neural stem cell microparticles in            human subjects.    -   (5) Manufacture/Scale-Up        -   Bioreactors, such as the Integra disposable T1000, can be            used for the large-scale manufacture of neural stem cell            microparticles. The purified microparticles are then            formulated as a therapeutic product.

Example 4 miRNA Characterization in CTX0E03 Microparticles Methods

-   -   3 conditions: CTX0E03 cells in standard culture; microparticles        obtained from CTX0E03 cells in standard culture; and purified        exosomes derived from CTX0E03 cells in Integra CELLine system        (see Examples 7 to 11, below)    -   Investigation of miRNA array using qRT-PCR panel (Qiagen)        according to manufacturer's instruction. This assay provides        high precision and high sensitivity, with data normalization        sensitive to method/choice of reference genes. It does not        provide genome wide sequencing.        Results: A) List of miRNAs with a cp 35 found in (i) standard        CTX0E03 cells, (ii) filtered conditioned medium (0.02-0.2 μm        filter) i.e. microparticles and (iii) exosomes derived from        Integra CELLine system (preliminary miRNA qRT-PCR miscript array        (Qiagen) results).

B) Arithmetic and geometric mean of the reference (housekeeping) genes

A

CTX0E03 CM std CM exosome Mature miRNA culture microparticles Integrahsa-miR-21-5p 19.52 20.9 20.72 hsa-let-7a-5p 22.64 23.11 22.36hsa-miR-125b-5p 21.64 23.25 21.74 hsa-miR-9-5p 22.58 23.64 22.94hsa-miR-92a-3p 23.2 23.94 24.01 hsa-miR-24-3p 23.73 24.24 23.83hsa-miR-20a-5p 23.45 24.43 25.06 hsa-miR-16-5p 23.14 24.72 24.32hsa-miR-100-5p 23.28 24.74 23.04 hsa-let-7b-5p 24.67 24.75 23.7hsa-let-7f-5p 23.93 25.09 23.86 hsa-miR-17-5p 24.56 25.24 26.13hsa-miR-23b-3p 24.3 25.3 24.13 hsa-miR-106b-5p 24.4 25.41 26.16hsa-miR-222-3p 23.25 25.49 23.17 hsa-let-7e-5p 24.57 25.58 24.16hsa-miR-26a-5p 23.4 25.63 24.2 hsa-miR-181a-5p 25.16 25.7 24.32hsa-miR-125a-5p 23.56 25.75 24.88 hsa-miR-103a-3p 24.65 25.8 25.77hsa-let-7i-5p 24.37 25.98 24.23 hsa-miR-99a-5p 24.44 26.05 23.44hsa-let-7c 25.76 26.12 24.07 hsa-let-7g 25.2 26.15 25.17 hsa-miR-195-5p24.72 26.34 25.67 hsa-miR-93-5p 25.15 26.48 26.06 hsa-miR-22-3p 25.0326.49 25.66 hsa-miR-20b-5p 26.03 26.86 27.42 hsa-miR-18a-5p 26.71 26.8729.06 hsa-miR-15b-5p 25.1 26.92 26.43 hsa-let-7d-5p 26.84 26.96 26.52hsa-miR-424-5p 25.56 27.72 26.66 hsa-miR-15a-5p 26.88 27.89 29.3hsa-miR-130a-3p 27.23 28.26 28.49 hsa-miR-33a-5p 30.34 28.54 34.18hsa-miR-128- 26.94 28.64 27.66 hsa-miR-218-5p 27.79 28.68 28.03hsa-miR-301a-3p 29.53 28.69 31.57 hsa-miR-134 28.3 28.76 28.76hsa-miR-101-3p 28.44 28.82 31.64 hsa-miR-7-5p 29.71 28.82 30.22hsa-miR-18b-5p 28.83 28.85 35.47 hsa-miR-185-5p 28.34 28.99 28.13hsa-miR-378-3p 29.76 29.25 28.97 hsa-miR-132-3p 28.65 29.32 27.72hsa-miR-345-5p 28.49 29.52 29.66 hsa-miR-219-5p 30.58 29.52 32.7hsa-miR-127-5p 30.05 29.95 31.11 hsa-miR-146b-5p 30.53 30.54 28.07hsa-miR-10a-5p 27.1 30.69 28.32 hsa-miR-210 29.85 30.83 30.65hsa-miR-129-5p 32.51 30.98 31.69 hsa-miR-137 31.46 31.13 30.95hsa-miR-182-5p 28.34 31.64 31.27 hsa-miR-124-3p 33.38 31.71 33.07hsa-miR-96-5p 29.77 32.27 34.67 hsa-miR-192-5p 31.42 32.42 32.52hsa-miR-126-3p 31.73 32.44 32.05 hsa-miR-194-5p 31.11 32.49 31.72hsa-miR-375 33.77 32.94 30.94 hsa-miR-205-5p 35 33.01 32.72hsa-miR-183-5p 29.88 33.21 31.74 hsa-miR-10b-5p 29.6 33.22 30.79hsa-miR-302a-3p 29.67 33.6 31.69 hsa-miR-214-3p 34.19 33.76 32.11hsa-miR-141-3p 35 33.96 34.51 hsa-miR-302c-3p 31.6 34.29 33.93hsa-miR-196a-5p 35 34.65 35.75 hsa-miR-150-5p 34.59 34.76 34.59hsa-miR-155-p 32.04 35.75 32.76

CTX0E03 CM std CM exosome culture microparticles Integra Avg. ofArithmetic Mean 23.54 23.82 24.79 Avg. of Geometric Mean 23.48 23.824.62

B Example 5 CTX0E03 Conditioned Medium Analysis Using a Protein Dot BlotMethods

-   -   Conditioned 24 hr and 72 hrs conditioned medium (RMM and ITS        medium)    -   The collected media has been ‘concentrated’ by dialysis and the        proteins biotinylated (typical total protein concentration        appears to be 0.5 mg/ml). The media is then incubated with the        Raybiotech L507 human protein arrays (total protein        concentration 0.1 mg/ml). Following washing and incubation of        the array with HRP-conjugated streptavidin, the presence of        proteins is detected by chemiluminescence. The array provides        qualitative data (i.e. the protein is present, but no indication        of its level of expression compared to other proteins).

Results

Cytokine Name Cytokine Full Name Function EDA-A2 ectodysplasin-A2 May beinvolved in proper formation of skin appendages Galectin-3* Galectin-3Galactose-specific lectin which binds IgE. May mediate with the alpha-3,beta-1 integrin the stimulation by CSPG4 of endothelial cells migration.IGFBP-2 Insulin-like growth factor binding IGF-binding proteins prolongthe proteins 2 half-life of the IGFs and have been shown to eitherinhibit or stimulate the growth promoting effects of the IGFs on cellculture. IGFBP-rp1/IGFBP-7 Insulin-like Growth Factor soluble proteinsthat bind IGFs Binding Protein Related Protein- with high affinity. 1Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-7 IL-1a† Interleukin 1 alphapotent mediator of inflammation and immunity LECT2† Leukocytecell-derived Has a neutrophil chemotactic chemotaxin-2 activity. Also apositive regulator of chondrocyte proliferation. MCP-1† Monocytechemoattractant plays a role in the recruitment of protein 1 monocytesto sites of injury and infection. SPARC* Secreted Protein, Acidicmatricellular protein that Cysteine-rich-related modular modulates celladhesion and calcium-binding protein 1 proliferation and is thought to[Precursor] function in tissue remodeling and angiogenesis TIMP-1*Tissue inhibitor of Complexes with metalloproteinasess-2metalloproteinases (such as collagenases) and irreversibly inactivatesthem. Also mediates erythropoiesis in vitro; but, unlike IL-3, it isspecies-specific, stimulating the growth and differentiation of onlyhuman and murine erythroid progenitors. Thrombospondin-1*Thrombospondin-1 multimodular secreted protein that associates with theextracellular matrix and possesses a variety of biologic functions,including a potent angiogenic activity. VEGF* Vascular endothelialgrowth Growth factor active in factor angiogenesis, vasculogenesis andendothelial cell growth. These proteins show expression in someinstances - though may also be present in media. EGF R/ErbB1 Epidermalgrowth factor receptor Receptor for EGF, but also for other members ofthe EGF family, as TGF-alpha, amphiregulin, betacellulin,heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor MDC* A disintegrin and Probableligand for integrin in metalloproteinase domain 11 the brain. This is anon catalytic Metalloproteinase-like, metalloprotease-like protein.disintegrin-like, and cysteine-rich protein MDC Endostatin* EndostatinAngiogenesis inhibitor; inhibits endothelial cell migration but may noteffect proliferation. May work in balance with VEGF to maintain level ofangiogenesis. Follistatin Follistatin Regulates stem cell renewal versusdifferentiation by inhibiting pro-differentiation proteins Csk†cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Activity is required for interleukin 6(IL-6) induced differentiation. May play a role in the growth anddifferentiation of hematopoietic cells. May be involved in signaltransduction in endocardial and arterial endothelial cells. *=angiogenesis †= inflammation

Example 6 Conditioned Medium Analysis Using Human Angiogenesis ELISAStrips (Signosis) Method

Human angiogenesis ELISA strips (Signosis) were utilized according tomanufacturer's instruction. Fresh RMM medium and 24 hour conditionedCTX0E03 RMM medium were analyzed for 8 angiogenesis cytokines; tumornecrosis factor α (TNFα), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), VEGFA,interleukin-6 (IL-6), bFGF, transforming growth factor β 1 (TGFβ1), EGF,and leptin. Individual wells of the strip, coated with each of theprimary antibodies directed against the specific angiogenesis cytokineswere loaded with test samples. Absorbance was measured by aspectrophotometer at 450 nm. The concentrations of the angiogenesiscytokines were directly proportional to the color intensity of the testsample.

The results are shown in FIG. 3.

Example 7 Integra CELLINE—Disposable Bioreactor for the Production ofMicro Particles from CTX0E03 Cells

Efficient micro particle production and harvest from a cell line reliesupon maintaining optimal culture conditions for the greatest density ofcells. Any restriction in the oxygen or nutrients supplied to the cellsor an accumulation of waste metabolic products will limit the life spanof the culture, and hence the micro particle production.

The two-compartment CELLine AD 1000 is designed to accommodate adherentcells attached to a matrix inlay within a small cell compartment,separated from a larger media reservoir by means of a 10 kDasemi-permeable membrane. This membrane allows a continuous diffusion ofnutrients and removal of waste products, while concentrating any microparticles produced by the cell within the smaller cell compartment. Dueto the large volume capacity (1 litre) of the media compartment, thesystem has the potential to maintain high density cultures for longerperiods of time without the need for a media change. The production ofexosomes from mesothelioma tumour cell cultures is described in Mitchellet al, 2008.

Method

In order to obtain optimal performance of the CELLine AD1000, place 25ml of complete growth medium (RMM with growth factors and 4OHT) into themedium compartment of the flask to pre-wet the semi-permeable membrane.Allow the flask to sit for 5 minutes at room temperature before coatingthe matrix inlay with mouse Laminin by adding 15 ml of laminin solution(20 μg/ml in DMEM/F12) to the cell compartment for a minimum of 1 hourat 37° C. Remove the laminin solution and add 15 ml of warm DMEM/F12 tothe cell compartment to remove any excess laminin. Avoiding the matrixinlay drying, slowly introduce approximately 15×10⁶ CTX0E03 cells in atotal of 15 ml of complete growth medium. Take care to remove any airbubbles from the cell compartment. Carefully add a further 460 ml ofcomplete growth medium to the cell compartment before incubating theflask overnight in 5% CO₂ at 37° C. The next day remove the medium fromthe cell compartment and replace with 15 ml of pre warmed growth medium.

Every 7 days harvest the microparticles/medium from the cellcompartment. Centrifuge the medium at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes to removeany cell debris and store at −80° C. Carefully add another 15 ml ofpre-warmed complete growth medium in to the cell compartment and 485 mlof complete growth medium to the medium compartment and incubate foranother 7 days. Microparticles were isolated by 100K MWCO filtration.Repeat as necessary.

FIG. 4A shows the amount of protein extracted from 15 ml of mediacontaining microparticles purified using the Integra system compared tonormal culture conditions (3 days T175). Milligrams of protein measuredby BCA assay. FIG. 5 shows the corresponding quantity of isolated totalRNA measured at 260/280 nm.

Marker characterisations indicated that both purified populations(microvesicles and exosomes) express CD63 and CD81 (determined byFACS—FIG. 4B). Only the exosomes express the endosomal marker Alix(determined by Western blot, data not shown).

Example 8 Efficacy Assays

(A) Comparison of the Function of CTX0E03 Conditioned Media with theFunction of Purified Exosomes from CTX0E03 Cells in a Wound HealingAssay.

Method—Wound Closure/Scratch Assay

-   -   Seed 0.25×10⁶ NHDF (normal human dermal fibroblasts) per well of        a 12 well plate and allow to become confluent (24 hours)    -   Remove growth factors for 24 hrs    -   Remove cells (scratch) and incubate with exosomes/conditioned        media    -   Image effected area over 48 hrs    -   Estimate area using Image J

Results

TABLE 2 Wound closure/scratch assay representing the migration activityof normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cultured in CTX0E03conditioned media or upon the addition of purified exosomes. Woundclosure (%) 0 h 24 h 48 h CTX0E03 conditioned media 0%  100% 2 ug/mlexosomes 0% 95.4%  100% Control 0% 48.1% 49.7%

Wound closure was calculated as the area covered by cells in relation tothe initial wound area, as determined at 0 h. Wound closure is expressedas the percentage of the initial wound area at time 0 h. These data arealso shown, photographically, in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6B shows that 10 μg CTX0E03 exosomes significantly increase woundclosure (as determined in the HDNF scratch/migration assay) after 72hours, compared to basal conditions (without exosomes).

Further experiments confirmed that exosomes purified (byultracentrifugation; quantified by BCA protein assay; characterisedas >99% positive for CD63 and CD81 and having a greater expression levelof Alix compared to the corresponding microparticle fraction) from alltime points (weeks 2-6) during continuous culture (using Integra CELLinebioreactors in the presence of growth factors and 4OHT) significantlyenhanced fibroblast migration and wound healing, with a peak responsebetween 5-10 μ/ml compared to basal conditions. FIG. 6C shows the %healed areas for basal conditions, 2 μg/ml exosomes, 6 μg/ml exosomes,20 μg/ml exosomes and an LSGS (low serum growth supplement) positivecontrol. The top panel of FIG. 6C shows exosomes isolated from CTX0E03cells cultured for 2 weeks in the Integra Celline system and the bottompanel of FIG. 6C shows exosomes isolated from CTX0E03 cells cultured for6 weeks in the Integra Celline system. These data show that all doses ofall tested NSC exosomes provide increased healing compared to basalconditions, with % healing approaching the positive control (LSGS) after72 hours.

The data in FIG. 6C also show that the exosomes isolated from NSCscultured for 6 weeks cause faster healing (than 2 week exosomes), withthe % healed approaching 100% after only 48 hours, for all doses.

FIG. 6D shows the results of an in vivo injection wound assay in amouse, confirming that CTX0E03 cells stimulated wound healing to astatistically-significant degree in vivo. This is a simple in vivobioassay which can be used to confirm the efficacy of microparticles invivo.

Conclusion Exosomes released from the human neural stem cell lineCTX0E03 enhance fibroblast migration in an in vitro model of woundhealing, suggesting that exosomes may contribute to the mechanisms bywhich hNSCs promote repair. Exosomes isolated from cells cultured for 6weeks show improved wound healing efficacy in vitro, compared toexosomes isolated from cells cultured for 2 weeks.

(B) Stimulation of Angiogenesis

A 24 hour assay to detect angiogenesis on primary HUVECs was carried outusing an Ibidi p-slide and automated Wimtube detection and analysis (oftube length and bifurcation points). Microvesicles harvested fromIntegra flasks at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks were added to HUVECs andangiogenesis compared to basal HUVECs (without addition). LSGS (lowserum growth supplement) was used as a positive control. The results,depicted in FIG. 12, show that neural stem cell microvesicles increaseangiogenesis. Further, these data show that a larger increase inangiogenesis is provided by microvesicles harvested after at least 3weeks of culture (i.e. after 3 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks culture in anIntegra celline bioreactor), than is provided by microvesicles culturedfor 1 or 2 weeks. Microvesicles cultured for at least 3 weeks stimulatedangiogenesis to a statistically significant level, and a level thatapproaches that of the positive control. The largest increase inangiogenesis is shown to be provided by microvesicles harvested after 4weeks; these microvesicles stimulated angiogenesis by the same amount asthe positive control.

These data indicate that hNSC microvesicles stimulate angiogenesis.

(C) Stimulation of Neurite Outgrowth

Neurite outgrowth was determined using PC-12 cells though a 1 μm insert.After 72 hours, the PC-12 cell bodies were removed and the neuritesstained on the underside of the insert. The stain was then extracted andquantified on a spectrophotometer. Microvesicles harvested from Integraflasks at 2 weeks were added to the cells at 0.03 μg, 0.3 μg and 3 μg,each with 100 ng/ml NGF (nerve growth factor). Neurite outgrowth wascompared to basal cells (without addition). 100 ng/ml NGF was used as acontrol. As shown in FIG. 13, the addition of 3 μg hNSC microvesiclescaused a noticeable increase in neurite outgrowth, compared to theaddition of NGF alone.

These data indicate that hNSC microvesicles stimulate neurite outgrowth.

Example 9 Production of Exosomes Using the Integra CELLine System

CTX0E03 cells were cultured using the Integra CELLine system andexosomes were purified as described in Example 7. The concentration ofexosomes purified from the medium using the CELLine system at the 3 weektime point, and as a control a standard T175 system as routinely used inthe art, was quantified (using a BCA assay to estimate protein content).FIG. 7 shows that the production of exosomes using the Integra CELLinesystem is increased several fold, compared to using conventional culture(T175 flasks).

Using the Integra CELLine system, CTX0E03 cells were cultured over a3-week period and medium was harvested at week 1, 2 and 3 forpurification and quantification of exosomes, as described in Example 7.FIG. 8A shows that the production of microparticles increasesexponentially over the 3-week culture period, enabling efficient andlarge-scale production of microparticles. The concentration of exosomesharvested from a single Integra CELLine flask was then monitored over1-6 weeks of continuous CTX0E03 culture, with the results shown belowand depicted in FIG. 8B:

Total quantity of exosomes Integra time point (ug) Exosomes ug/ml Week 112 0.80 Week 2 112 7.47 Week 3 88 5.87 Week 4 148 9.87 Week 5 240 16.00Week 6 440 29.33

These results show that exosome production is surprisingly enhanced whenstem cells are cultured in a multi-compartment bioreactor for weeks,typically at least three weeks.

Example 10 Characterisation of Phenotype of Cells Obtained from theIntegra CELLine and the Standard (T175) Culture System

CTX0E03 cells were cultured using the Integra CELLine bioreactor andstandard culture, as described in Example 7. Expression of DCX and GFAPprotein markers was confirmed using marker-specific antibodies andfluorescence microscopy.

Expression of DCX, GALC, GFAP, TUBB3, GDNF and IDO markers was detectedby qRT-PCR in samples obtained from the cells. Marker expression wascompared between microparticles obtained from standard (T175) cultureand exosomes obtained from the 3 week cultured Integra CELLine system,assessed against a baseline of the expression level in CTX0E03 cells instandard (T175) culture.

The inventors observed a striking difference in marker expression ofcells obtained from the Integra CELLine system as compared to controlcells obtained from standard. Markers of partially-differentiated cellswere increased several fold in cells cultured in the Integra CELLinesystem, compared to control cells obtained from standard cultures (FIG.9). Particularly striking changes are increased expression of themarkers DCX1 (doublecortin—a marker for entry into the neural lineage),GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein—a marker for entry into theastrocytic lineage), GDNF (glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor) andIDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase). This indicates that in neural stemcells cultured in a two-compartment bioreactor partially differentiateinto cells of neural (DCX+) or astrocytic (GFAP+) lineage. Theexpression of DCX and GFAP in the Integra-cultured cells was confirmedby fluorescence microscopy, demonstrating that CTX0E03 cells culturedusing the Integra CELLine bioreactor have a more differentiated neuronalphenotype than standard CTX0E03 cells.

Example 11 Characterisation of miRNA Expression Profiles of ExosomesObtained from Integra CELLine Cultures and Microparticles Obtained fromStandard (T175) Cultures

CTX0E03 cells were cultured for three weeks using the Integra CELLineculture and in the standard culture in single-compartment 1-175 flasks.Exosomes were purified from the Integra culture and microparticles werepurified from the standard T-175 culture as described in Example 7. Therelative expression levels of various miRNAs expressed in the exosomesand microparticles obtained from either the standard culture or theIntegra CELLine system were determined with an miRNA array using qRT-PCRpanel (Qiagen) according to manufacturer's instruction, and convertedinto fold up and down regulation levels as compared to a standardCTX0E03 cell line control group (see Table 3 and FIG. 10). These datashow a differential miRNA expression profile between exosomes obtainedfrom the Integra CELLine culture system for 3 weeks, microparticles, andcells obtained from the standard single-flask culture.

TABLE 3 Fold-regulation of miRNAs in microparticles obtained fromstandard culture or exosomes from the Integra CELLine system, relativeto control (CTX0E03 cells). Standard Culture (microparticles) Integra(exosomes) miRNA Fold regulation relative to control (CTX0E03 cells)hsa-miR-146b-5p −1.0222 10.5805 hsa-let-7c −1.6954 4.7678 hsa-miR-99a-5p−3.5349 3.3714 hsa-miR-132-3p −1.9163 3.088 hsa-miR-378-3p 1.2731 3.0175hsa-miR-181a-5p −1.7431 2.9147 hsa-let-7b-5p −1.4658 2.7574hsa-miR-100-5p −3.208 1.977 hsa-let-7e-5p −2.7101 1.9274 hsa-miR-23b-3p−2.3322 1.8834 hsa-miR-185-5p −1.9119 1.8532 hsa-let-7i-5p −3.56771.8404 hsa-let-7a-5p −1.851 1.7736 hsa-let-7d-5p −1.5 1.7654hsa-let-7g-5p −2.2527 1.7092 hsa-miR-222-3p −5.8092 1.6779 hsa-let-7f-5p−2.8712 1.5948 hsa-miR-218-5p −1.9611 1.5619 hsa-miR-24-3p −1.67211.5511 hsa-miR-9-5p −2.2475 1.4109 hsa-miR-126-3p −2.1263 1.203hsa-miR-134 −1.6567 1.1783 hsa-miR-128 −3.5842 1.0743 hsa-miR-155-5p−8.8458 1.0425 hsa-miR-22-3p −3.4782 −1.0023 hsa-miR-26a-5p −5.3579−1.0187 hsa-miR-210 −2.3107 −1.0449 hsa-miR-92a-3p −1.9885 −1.0693hsa-miR-93-5p −3.056 −1.1701 hsa-miR-424-5p −4.9189 −1.2086hsa-miR-195-5p −3.8951 −1.2541 hsa-miR-127-5p −1.1316 −1.2953hsa-miR-21-5p −2.8845 −1.3044 hsa-miR-103a-3p −2.6482 −1.3287hsa-miR-16-5p −3.5267 −1.3692 hsa-miR-125a-5p −5.1159 −1.434hsa-miR-10a-5p −14.4701 −1.434 hsa-miR-10b-5p −15.1194 −1.4373hsa-miR-345-5p −2.5521 −1.4406 hsa-miR-130a-3p −2.6178 −1.5728hsa-miR-15b-5p −4.4025 −1.6058 hsa-miR-20b −2.1312 −1.6096hsa-miR-20a-5p −2.3107 −1.8319 hsa-miR-17-5p −1.9296 −1.8319hsa-miR-7-5p −1.5105 −2.042 hsa-miR-106b-5p −2.4708 −2.1287hsa-miR-101-3p 1.4794 −2.4453 hsa-miR-302a-3p −18.0634 −2.4623hsa-miR-301a-3p 1.4931 −2.5257 hsa-miR-183-5p −13.9772 −2.5847hsa-miR-219-5p 1.6994 −2.7321 hsa-miR-18a-5p −1.4028 −3.2792hsa-miR-15a-5p −2.4766 −3.3714 hsa-miR-182-5p −12.5099 −4.9588hsa-miR-33a-5p 2.7927 −9.1472 hsa-miR-96-5p −7.0047 −18.9396hsa-miR-18b-5p −1.3519 −49.18

Values were calculated from raw data using the following equations:

Δ CT  (sample/control) = Average  CT  (GOI) − Average  CT  (HKG)Fold  expression  (sample/control) = 2^(−(Average  Δ CT))${{Fold}\mspace{14mu} {change}} = \frac{{Fold}\mspace{14mu} {expression}\mspace{14mu} ({sample})}{{Fold}\mspace{14mu} {expression}\mspace{14mu} ({control})}$If  (fold  change) > 1  then  (fold  regulation) = (fold  change)${{{If}\mspace{14mu} ( {{fold}\mspace{14mu} {change}} )} < {1\mspace{14mu} {then}\mspace{14mu} ( {{fold}\mspace{14mu} {regulation}} )}} = {- ( \frac{1}{{fold}\mspace{14mu} {change}} )}$

Wherein:

CT=cycle threshold

GOI=gene of interest (investigated miRNA)

HKG=housekeeping genes (reference miRNAs used to normalize the data)

Example 12 Total miRNA Analysis

Cells can shuttle RNA into microparticles determined for release intothe extracellular space. This allows the conveyance of geneticallyencoded messages between cells. We here collectively refer toextracellular RNA as ‘shuttle RNA’. We aimed to analyze comprehensivelynon coding RNA species released by CTX0E03 neural stem cells (NSCs)using Next Generation Sequencing.

Non coding RNAs are divided in two categories (small and long). Smallnon coding RNA biotypes include ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nucleolar(snoRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), microRNA (miRNA), miscellaneousother RNA (misc_RNA, e.g. RMRP, vault RNA, metazoa SRP, and RNY), andlong non coding RNA biotypes includes long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs) andlarge intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs).

Here, we characterized shuttle RNAs, including small and long non codingRNAs, released from NSC derived exosomes and microvesicles (MV) andcompared with the RNA contents of the producer NSCs.

A) Total RNA Contents in Cells, Exosomes and Microvesicles Identified byAgilent RNA Bioanalyser

The RNA in both exosomes and microvesicles mainly consists of small RNAspecies as shown in FIG. 14. The majority of the nucleotides (nt) was200 as shown against the molecular ladder.

B) RNA Composition

Small RNA sequencing libraries were generated to investigate thecomposition of shuttle and cellular RNA by deep sequencing (NextGeneration Sequencing). The results are shown in FIG. 15.

C) Deep Sequencing of CTX0E03 Cell, Microvesicle and Exosome miRNAExpression from Standard (T175) Cultures.

Deep sequencing is based on the preparation of a cDNA library followingby sequencing and provides information regarding the total sequence readout of different miRNAs in the microvesicles and exosomes. These deepsequence data complement the qRT-PCR array data shown above and providea comprehensive analysis of the miRNA profile of the cells andmicroparticles. Unlike the qRT-PCR array analysis, deep sequencing isnot restricted to identification of sequences present in the probe arrayand so the sequences to be identified do not need to be known inadvance. Deep sequencing also provides direct read-out and the abilityto sequence very short sequences. However, deep sequencing is notsuitable for detection of transcripts with low expression.

Method

The presence of a variety of miRNAs in parental cells and their exosomes(30-100 μm) and microvesicles (100-1000 μm), purified by differentialcentrifugation, was identified by deep sequencing, followingconstruction of 1 tagged miRNA library for each sample.

Additionally, specific primers for highly shuttled miRNAs (e.g.hsa-miR-1246) were designed and used in real-time reverse transcriptionPCR (qRT-PCR) to trace exosomes/microvesicles following in vivoimplantation.

Deep sequencing was performed by GATC Biotech (Germany) and required thepreparation of a tagged miRNA library for each samples followed bysequencing, and miRBase scanning:

-   -   Construction of tagged miRNA libraries (22 to 30 nt)        -   Sequencing libraries were generated by ligation of specific            RNA adapter to both 3′ and 5′ ends for each sample followed            by reverse transcription, amplification, and purification of            smallRNA libraries (size range of contained smallRNA            fraction 22-30 nt).    -   Sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 (single read)        -   Sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq 2000 (single            read). Analysis of one pool could include up to 45,000,000            single read, and each read length is up to 50 bases.            Sequencing was quality controlled by using FastQ Files            (sequences and quality scores).    -   Identification of known miRNAs was performed as followed:        -   RNA adapters were trimmed from resulting sequences and raw            data cleaned. Raw data were clustered and for each cluster a            number of reads was provided. MiRNAs were identified by            miRBase scanning (Ssearch).

Results

Many microvesicle and exosome miRNAs were enriched relative to thecells, indicating that cells specially sort miRNAs for extracellularrelease. Furthermore, miRNA contents were similar in both exosomes andmicrovesicles, indicating a common apparatus of selective miRNA uptakein excreted microvesicles. Without wishing to be bound by theory, thismay indicate that miRNA content in secreted microvesicles and exosomescan be used as a fingerprint to identify hNSC subtypes.

The deep sequencing analysis therefore identified a unique set of miRNAsin both hNSC exosomes and microvesicles not previously reported. MiRNAcontent in excreted vesicles is similar, but showed a preferential miRNAuptake compared with hNSC. These findings could support biologicaleffects mediated by shuttle miRNA not previously described for hNSC.

The results are detailed in Tables 4 to 9, below. The data are alsodepicted in FIG. 11, which clearly shows the significantly differentmiRNA profiles present in the microvesicles and exosomes, compared tothe cells. In summary, these data show a massive increase in the amount(read counts) of hsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 andhsa-miR-4532 in microvesicles and exosomes compared to the cells. Largeincreases are also seen in hsa-miR-4508, hsa-miR-4516, has-miR-3676-5pand hsa-miR-4485. Massive decreases are seen in the amounts (readcounts) of certain miRNAs, including hsa-let-7a-5p, has-miR-92b-3p,has-miR-21-5p. hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-10a-5p, hsa-100-5p andhsa-99b-5p.

The presence of each of hsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4488, hsa-miR-4492,hsa-miR-4508, hsa-miR-4516 and hsa-miR-4532 in the exosomes wasvalidated by qRT-PCR (data not shown).

Plotting the deep sequencing results in the exosomes and microvesiclesas relative fold change compared to the cells confirms thathsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532 aresignificantly upregulated in the exosomes and microvesicles compared tothe cells. This comparison also shows that miRNA hsa-miR-3195 is themiRNA that is most upregulated, in both exosomes and microvesicles.Although the absolute reads of hsa-miR-3195 are in the range of ˜40 forexosomes and microvesicles, there is no hsa-miR-3195 present in thecells.

As noted in Example 11 above, miRNA contents in exosomes,microparticles, and parental cells were also tested and validated usingPCR array analysis. The following miRNAs were found present by qRT-PCR:hsa-let-7 g-5p, hsa-miR-101-3p, hsa-miR-10a-5p, hsa-miR-10b-5p,hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-128, hsa-miR-130a-3p, hsa-miR-134, hsa-miR-137,hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-15a-5p, hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p,hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-182-5p, hsa-miR-185-5p,hsa-miR-18b-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-195-5p,hsa-miR-20a-5p, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-210, hsa-miR-21-5p,hsa-miR-218-5p, hsa-miR-219-5p, hsa-miR-222-3p, hsa-miR-22-3p,hsa-miR-23b-3p, hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-26a-5p, hsa-miR-301a-3p,hsa-miR-302a-3p, hsa-miR-302c-3p, hsa-miR-345-5p, hsa-miR-378a-3p,hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-9-5p,hsa-miR-96-5p, and hsa-miR-99a-5p.

TABLE 4 Cells EH Cells:  CTX0E03 07EH SEQ ID MIRNA READ MIRNAMIRNA.SEQUENCE NO: LENGTH COUNTS hsa-let-7a-5p UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUAGUU 122 75110 hsa-miR-10a-5p UACCCUGUAGAUCCGAAUUUGUG 2 23 52927hsa-miR-100-5p AACCCGUAGAUCCGAACUUGUG 3 22 52451 hsa-miR-99b-5pCACCCGUAGAACCGACCUUGCG 4 22 39457 hsa-miR-486-5p UCCUGUACUGAGCUGCCCCGAG5 22 20310 hsa-miR-27b-3p UUCACAGUGGCUAAGUUCUGC 6 21 16900hsa-miR-92a-3p UAUUGCACUUGUCCCGGCCUGU 7 22 14359 hsa-miR-191-5pCAACGGAAUCCCAAAAGCAGCUG 8 23 12591 hsa-miR-21-5p UAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGA9 22 11943 hsa-miR-98 UGAGGUAGUAAGUUGUAUUGUU 10 22 11760 hsa-let-7f-5pUGAGGUAGUAGAUUGUAUAGUU 11 22 10349 hsa-miR-26a-5p UUCAAGUAAUCCAGGAUAGGCU12 22 9900 hsa-miR-92b-3p UAUUGCACUCGUCCCGGCCUCC 13 22 9794hsa-miR-127-3p UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGCU 14 22 7064 hsa-miR-181a-5pAACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGU 15 23 6956 hsa-miR-182-5pUUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACACU 16 24 5531 hsa-let-7c UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUU 1722 5103 hsa-miR-379-5p UGGUAGACUAUGGAACGUAGG 18 21 4746 hsa-miR-146b-5pUGAGAACUGAAUUCCAUAGGCU 19 22 4552 hsa-miR-21-3p CAACACCAGUCGAUGGGCUGU 2021 4089 hsa-miR-1246 AAUGGAUUUUUGGAGCAGG 21 19 3973 hsa-let-71-5pUGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUGCUGUU 22 22 3015 hsa-miR-4532 CCCCGGGGAGCCCGGCG 23 172847 hsa-miR-183-5p UAUGGCACUGGUAGAAUUCACU 24 22 2695 hsa-miR-151a-3pCUAGACUGAAGCUCCUUGAGG 25 21 2681 hsa-miR-501-3p AAUGCACCCGGGCAAGGAUUCU26 22 2649 hsa-let-7e-5p UGAGGUAGGAGGUUGUAUAGUU 27 22 2449 hsa-let-7b-5pUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUGUGGUU 28 22 2435 hsa-miR-16-5p UAGCAGCACGUAAAUAUUGGCG29 22 2173 hsa-miR-30a-5p UGUAAACAUCCUCGACUGGAAG 30 22 2001hsa-miR-30d-5p UGUAAACAUCCCCGACUGGAAG 31 22 1977 hsa-miR-409-5pAGGUUACCCGAGCAACUUUGCAU 32 23 1871 hsa-miR-22-3p AAGCUGCCAGUUGAAGAACUGU33 22 1826 hsa-miR-4492 GGGGCUGGGCGCGCGCC 34 17 1754 hsa-miR-125a-5pUCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUGA 35 24 1451 hsa-miR-222-3p AGCUACAUCUGGCUACUGGGU36 21 1422 hsa-miR-151a-5p UCGAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAGU 37 21 1386hsa-miR-181b-5p AACAUUCAUUGCUGUCGGUGGGU 38 23 1382 hsa-miR-221-5pACCUGGCAUACAAUGUAGAUUU 39 22 1363 hsa-miR-186-5p CAAAGAAUUCUCCUUUUGGGCU40 22 1225 hsa-miR-423-5p UGAGGGGCAGAGAGCGAGACUUU 41 23 1080hsa-miR-125b-5p UCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGA 42 22 1002 hsa-let-7g-5pUGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUACAGUU 43 22 959 hsa-miR-500a-3p AUGCACCUGGGCAAGGAUUCUG44 22 923 hsa-miR-30e-5p UGUAAACAUCCUUGACUGGAAG 45 22 911 hsa-miR-27a-3pUUCACAGUGGCUAAGUUCCGC 46 21 867 hsa-miR-409-3p GAAUGUUGCUCGGUGAACCCCU 4722 865 hsa-miR-148b-3p UCAGUGCAUCACAGAACUUUGU 48 22 856hsa-miR-125b-1-3p ACGGGUUAGGCUCUUGGGAGCU 49 22 851 hsa-miR-410AAUAUAACACAGAUGGCCUGU 50 21 848 hsa-miR-381 UAUACAAGGGCAAGCUCUCUGU 51 22842 hsa-miR-99a-5p AACCCGUAGAUCCGAUCUUGUG 52 22 773 hsa-let-7d-5pAGAGGUAGUAGGUUGCAUAGUU 53 22 765 hsa-miR-148a-3p UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGU54 22 702 hsa-miR-23a-3p AUCACAUUGCCAGGGAUUUCC 55 21 654 hsa-miR-28-3pCACUAGAUUGUGAGCUCCUGGA 56 22 593 hsa-miR-423-3p AGCUCGGUCUGAGGCCCCUCAGU57 23 557 hsa-miR-9-5p UCUUUGGUUAUCUAGCUGUAUGA 58 23 518 hsa-miR-23b-3pAUCACAUUGCCAGGGAUUACC 59 21 508 hsa-miR-941 CACCCGGCUGUGUGCACAUGUGC 6023 492 hsa-miR-4488 AGGGGGCGGGCUCCGGCG 61 18 485 hsa-miR-103a-3pAGCAGCAUUGUACAGGGCUAUGA 62 23 459 hsa-miR-25-3p CAUUGCACUUGUCUCGGUCUGA63 22 436 hsa-miR-889 UUAAUAUCGGACAACCAUUGU 64 21 411 hsa-miR-378a-3pACUGGACUUGGAGUCAGAAGG 65 21 410 hsa-miR-30c-5p UGUAAACAUCCUACACUCUCAGC66 23 378 hsa-miR-4485 UAACGGCCGCGGUACCCUAA 67 20 358 hsa-miR-125b-2-3pUCACAAGUCAGGCUCUUGGGAC 68 22 352 hsa-miR-671-3p UCCGGUUCUCAGGGCUCCACC 6921 350 hsa-miR-361-5p UUAUCAGAAUCUCCAGGGGUAC 70 22 337 hsa-miR-30e-3pCUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUACAGC 71 22 294 hsa-miR-1271-5p CUUGGCACCUAGCAAGCACUCA72 22 288 hsa-miR-589-5p UGAGAACCACGUCUGCUCUGAG 73 22 282hsa-miR-374a-5p UUAUAAUACAACCUGAUAAGUG 74 22 275 hsa-miR-769-5pUGAGACCUCUGGGUUCUGAGCU 75 22 263 hsa-miR-345-5p GCUGACUCCUAGUCCAGGGCUC76 22 249 hsa-miR-30a-3p CUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUGCAGC 77 22 236 hsa-miR-15b-5pUAGCAGCACAUCAUGGUUUACA 78 22 229 hsa-miR-221-3p AGCUACAUUGUCUGCUGGGUUUC79 23 225 hsa-miR-31-5p AGGCAAGAUGCUGGCAUAGCU 80 21 213 hsa-miR-342-3pUCUCACACAGAAAUCGCACCCGU 81 23 205 hsa-miR-136-3p CAUCAUCGUCUCAAAUGAGUCU82 22 203 hsa-miR-493-3p UGAAGGUCUACUGUGUGCCAGG 83 22 192 hsa-miR-720UCUCGCUGGGGCCUCCA 84 17 154 hsa-miR-7-5p UGGAAGACUAGUGAUUUUGUUGU 85 23154 hsa-miR-130b-3p CAGUGCAAUGAUGAAAGGGCAU 86 22 150 hsa-miR-192-5pCUGACCUAUGAAUUGACAGCC 87 21 138 hsa-miR-493-5p UUGUACAUGGUAGGCUUUCAUU 8822 115 hsa-miR-204-5p UUCCCUUUGUCAUCCUAUGCCU 89 22 113 hsa-miR-26b-5pUUCAAGUAAUUCAGGAUAGGU 90 21 107 hsa-miR-1307-5p UCGACCGGACCUCGACCGGCU 9121 105 hsa-let-7d-3p CUAUACGACCUGCUGCCUUUCU 92 22 103 hsa-miR-340-5pUUAUAAAGCAAUGAGACUGAUU 93 22 100 hsa-miR-134 UGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGG 9422 99 hsa-miR-432-5p UCUUGGAGUAGGUCAUUGGGUGG 95 23 97 hsa-miR-30b-5pUGUAAACAUCCUACACUCAGCU 96 22 96 hsa-miR-320a AAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCGA 9722 95 hsa-miR-100-3p CAAGCUUGUAUCUAUAGGUAUG 98 22 94 hsa-miR-744-5pUGCGGGGCUAGGGCUAACAGCA 99 22 89 hsa-miR-181a-3p ACCAUCGACCGUUGAUUGUACC100 22 86 hsa-miR-34a-5p UGGCAGUGUCUUAGCUGGUUGU 101 22 85hsa-miR-181a-2-3p ACCACUGACCGUUGACUGUACC 102 22 81 hsa-miR-190aUGAUAUGUUUGAUAUAUUAGGU 103 22 79 hsa-miR-132-3p UAACAGUCUACAGCCAUGGUCG104 22 78 hsa-miR-181c-5p AACAUUCAACCUGUCGGUGAGU 105 22 76hsa-miR-29a-3p UAGCACCAUCUGAAAUCGGUUA 106 22 75 hsa-miR-301a-3pCAGUGCAAUAGUAUUGUCAAAGC 107 23 75 hsa-miR-411-5p UAGUAGACCGUAUAGCGUACG108 21 75 hsa-miR-128 UCACAGUGAACCGGUCUCUUU 109 21 74 hsa-miR-4516GGGAGAAGGGUCGGGGC 110 17 74 hsa-miR-425-5p AAUGACACGAUCACUCCCGUUGA 11123 72 hsa-miR-130b-5p ACUCUUUCCCUGUUGCACUAC 112 21 71 hsa-miR-130a-3pCAGUGCAAUGUUAAAAGGGCAU 113 22 67 hsa-miR-30d-3p CUUUCAGUCAGAUGUUUGCUGC114 22 65 hsa-miR-654-5p UGGUGGGCCGCAGAACAUGUGC 115 22 65 hsa-miR-93-5pCAAAGUGCUGUUCGUGCAGGUAG 116 23 65 hsa-miR-487b AAUCGUACAGGGUCAUCCACUU117 22 63 hsa-miR-484 UCAGGCUCAGUCCCCUCCCGAU 118 22 62 hsa-miR-24-3pUGGCUCAGUUCAGCAGGAACAG 119 22 61 hsa-miR-4677-3p UCUGUGAGACCAAAGAACUACU120 22 61 hsa-miR-149-5p UCUGGCUCCGUGUCUUCACUCCC 121 23 56hsa-miR-197-3p UUCACCACCUUCUCCACCCAGC 122 22 56 hsa-miR-96-5pUUUGGCACUAGCACAUUUUUGCU 123 23 56 hsa-miR-1307-3p ACUCGGCGUGGCGUCGGUCGUG124 22 55 hsa-miR-34c-5p AGGCAGUGUAGUUAGCUGAUUGC 125 23 53 hsa-miR-370GCCUGCUGGGGUGGAACCUGGU 126 22 52 hsa-miR-148b-5p AAGUUCUGUUAUACACUCAGGC127 22 51 hsa-miR-335-5p UCAAGAGCAAUAACGAAAAAUGU 128 23 51 hsa-miR-4461GAUUGAGACUAGUAGGGCUAGGC 129 23 50 hsa-miR-27a-5p AGGGCUUAGCUGCUUGUGAGCA130 22 49 hsa-miR-363-3p AAUUGCACGGUAUCCAUCUGUA 131 22 47 hsa-miR-431-5pUGUCUUGCAGGCCGUCAUGCA 132 21 47 hsa-miR-877-5p GUAGAGGAGAUGGCGCAGGG 13320 46 hsa-miR-550a-5p AGUGCCUGAGGGAGUAAGAGCCC 134 23 45 hsa-miR-4508GCGGGGCUGGGCGCGCG 135 17 44 hsa-miR-541-3p UGGUGGGCACAGAAUCUGGACU 136 2242 hsa-miR-135b-5p UAUGGCUUUUCAUUCCUAUGUGA 137 23 40 hsa-miR-140-3pUACCACAGGGUAGAACCACGG 138 21 39 hsa-miR-362-5p AAUCCUUGGAACCUAGGUGUGAGU139 24 37 hsa-miR-455-3p GCAGUCCAUGGGCAUAUACAC 140 21 37 hsa-miR-758UUUGUGACCUGGUCCACUAACC 141 22 37 hsa-miR-101-3p UACAGUACUGUGAUAACUGAA142 21 36 hsa-miR-374b-5p AUAUAAUACAACCUGCUAAGUG 143 22 36hsa-miR-148a-5p AAAGUUCUGAGACACUCCGACU 144 22 35 hsa-miR-17-5pCAAAGUGCUUACAGUGCAGGUAG 145 23 35 hsa-miR-20a-5p UAAAGUGCUUAUAGUGCAGGUAG146 23 35 hsa-miR-874 CUGCCCUGGCCCGAGGGACCGA 147 22 35 hsa-miR-193b-3pAACUGGCCCUCAAAGUCCCGCU 148 22 34 hsa-miR-548ah-3p CAAAAACUGCAGUUACUUUUGC149 22 34 hsa-miR-539-3p AUCAUACAAGGACAAUUUCUUU 150 22 33 hsa-miR-421AUCAACAGACAUUAAUUGGGCGC 151 23 31 hsa-miR-28-5p AAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAUUGAG152 22 30 hsa-miR-485-3p GUCAUACACGGCUCUCCUCUCU 153 22 29hsa-miR-2467-5p UGAGGCUCUGUUAGCCUUGGCUC 154 23 26 hsa-miR-4449CGUCCCGGGGCUGCGCGAGGCA 155 22 26 hsa-miR-24-2-5p UGCCUACUGAGCUGAAACACAG156 22 25 hsa-miR-181d AACAUUCAUUGUUGUCGGUGGGU 157 23 24 hsa-miR-323a-3pCACAUUACACGGUCGACCUCU 158 21 24 hsa-miR-106b-3p CCGCACUGUGGGUACUUGCUGC159 22 23 hsa-miR-125a-3p ACAGGUGAGGUUCUUGGGAGCC 160 22 23hsa-miR-330-5p UCUCUGGGCCUGUGUCUUAGGC 161 22 23 hsa-miR-1275GUGGGGGAGAGGCUGUC 162 17 22 hsa-miR-19b-3p UGUGCAAAUCCAUGCAAAACUGA 16323 22 hsa-miR-301b CAGUGCAAUGAUAUUGUCAAAGC 164 23 21 hsa-miR-485-5pAGAGGCUGGCCGUGAUGAAUUC 165 22 21 hsa-miR-29b-3p UAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCAGUGUU166 23 20 hsa-miR-3158-3p AAGGGCUUCCUCUCUGCAGGAC 167 22 20hsa-miR-431-3p CAGGUCGUCUUGCAGGGCUUCU 168 22 20 hsa-miR-454-3pUAGUGCAAUAUUGCUUAUAGGGU 169 23 20 hsa-miR-106b-5p UAAAGUGCUGACAGUGCAGAU170 21 19 hsa-miR-1973 ACCGUGCAAAGGUAGCAUA 171 19 19 hsa-miR-31-3pUGCUAUGCCAACAUAUUGCCAU 172 22 19 hsa-miR-374a-3p CUUAUCAGAUUGUAUUGUAAUU173 22 19 hsa-miR-433 AUCAUGAUGGGCUCCUCGGUGU 174 22 19 hsa-miR-4417GGUGGGCUUCCCGGAGGG 175 18 19 hsa-miR-143-3p UGAGAUGAAGCACUGUAGCUC 176 2118 hsa-miR-19a-3p UGUGCAAAUCUAUGCAAAACUGA 177 23 18 hsa-miR-532-5pCAUGCCUUGAGUGUAGGACCGU 178 22 18 hsa-miR-561-5p AUCAAGGAUCUUAAACUUUGCC179 22 18 hsa-miR-663b GGUGGCCCGGCCGUGCCUGAGG 180 22 18 hsa-miR-1301UUGCAGCUGCCUGGGAGUGACUUC 181 24 17 hsa-miR-299-3p UAUGUGGGAUGGUAAACCGCUU182 22 17 hsa-miR-9-3p AUAAAGCUAGAUAACCGAAAGU 183 22 17 hsa-miR-17-3pACUGCAGUGAAGGCACUUGUAG 184 22 15 hsa-miR-376c AACAUAGAGGAAAUUCCACGU 18521 15 hsa-miR-424-5p CAGCAGCAAUUCAUGUUUUGAA 186 22 15 hsa-miR-660-5pUACCCAUUGCAUAUCGGAGUUG 187 22 15 hsa-miR-153 UUGCAUAGUCACAAAAGUGAUC 18822 14 hsa-miR-3605-5p UGAGGAUGGAUAGCAAGGAAGCC 189 23 14 hsa-miR-3687CCCGGACAGGCGUUCGUGCGACGU 190 24 14 hsa-miR-4284 GGGCUCACAUCACCCCAU 19118 14 hsa-miR-455-5p UAUGUGCCUUUGGACUACAUCG 192 22 14 hsa-miR-543AAACAUUCGCGGUGCACUUCUU 193 22 14 hsa-miR-1276 UAAAGAGCCCUGUGGAGACA 19420 13 hsa-miR-330-3p GCAAAGCACACGGCCUGCAGAGA 195 23 13 hsa-miR-369-3pAAUAAUACAUGGUUGAUCUUU 196 21 13 hsa-miR-4786-5p UGAGACCAGGACUGGAUGCACC197 22 13 hsa-miR-548k AAAAGUACUUGCGGAUUUUGCU 198 22 13 hsa-miR-1226-3pUCACCAGCCCUGUGUUCCCUAG 199 22 12 hsa-miR-188-3p CUCCCACAUGCAGGGUUUGCA200 21 12 hsa-miR-27b-5p AGAGCUUAGCUGAUUGGUGAAC 201 22 12 hsa-miR-377-5pAGAGGUUGCCCUUGGUGAAUUC 202 22 12 hsa-miR-487a AAUCAUACAGGGACAUCCAGUU 20322 12 hsa-miR-92a-1-5p AGGUUGGGAUCGGUUGCAAUGCU 204 23 12 hsa-miR-135b-3pAUGUAGGGCUAAAAGCCAUGGG 205 22 11 hsa-miR-218-5p UUGUGCUUGAUCUAACCAUGU206 21 11 hsa-miR-3943 UAGCCCCCAGGCUUCACUUGGCG 207 23 11 hsa-miR-92b-5pAGGGACGGGACGCGGUGCAGUG 208 22 11 hsa-miR-1185-1-3pAUAUACAGGGGGAGACUCUUAU 209 22 10 hsa-miR-1273g-3p ACCACUGCACUCCAGCCUGAG210 21 10 hsa-miR-2355-5p AUCCCCAGAUACAAUGGACAA 211 21 10 hsa-miR-23a-5pGGGGUUCCUGGGGAUGGGAUUU 212 22 10 hsa-miR-30c-1-3p CUGGGAGAGGGUUGUUUACUCC213 22 10 hsa-miR-329 AACACACCUGGUUAACCUCUUU 214 22 10 hsa-miR-337-3pCUCCUAUAUGAUGCCUUUCUUC 215 22 10 hsa-miR-3609 CAAAGUGAUGAGUAAUACUGGCUG216 24 10 hsa-miR-378a-5p CUCCUGACUCCAGGUCCUGUGU 217 22 10 hsa-miR-3929GAGGCUGAUGUGAGUAGACCACU 218 23 10 hsa-miR-4745-5pUGAGUGGGGCUCCCGGGACGGCG 219 23 10 hsa-miR-5096 GUUUCACCAUGUUGGUCAGGC 22021 10 hsa-miR-656 AAUAUUAUACAGUCAACCUCU 221 21 10 hsa-let-7a-3pCUAUACAAUCUACUGUCUUUC 222 21 9 hsa-miR-15a-5p UAGCAGCACAUAAUGGUUUGUG 22322 9 hsa-miR-185-5p UGGAGAGAAAGGCAGUUCCUGA 224 22 9 hsa-miR-25-5pAGGCGGAGACUUGGGCAAUUG 225 21 9 hsa-miR-3065-5p UCAACAAAAUCACUGAUGCUGGA226 23 9 hsa-miR-3176 ACUGGCCUGGGACUACCGG 227 19 9 hsa-miR-339-3pUGAGCGCCUCGACGACAGAGCCG 228 23 9 hsa-miR-374b-3p CUUAGCAGGUUGUAUUAUCAUU229 22 9 hsa-miR-4435 AUGGCCAGAGCUCACACAGAGG 230 22 9 hsa-miR-4448GGCUCCUUGGUCUAGGGGUA 231 20 9 hsa-miR-4497 CUCCGGGACGGCUGGGC 232 17 9hsa-miR-4521 GCUAAGGAAGUCCUGUGCUCAG 233 22 9 hsa-miR-539-5pGGAGAAAUUAUCCUUGGUGUGU 234 22 9 hsa-miR-548ah-5p AAAAGUGAUUGCAGUGUUUG235 20 9 hsa-miR-1910 CCAGUCCUGUGCCUGCCGCCU 236 21 8 hsa-miR-376a-3pAUCAUAGAGGAAAAUCCACGU 237 21 8 hsa-miR-382-5p GAAGUUGUUCGUGGUGGAUUCG 23822 8 hsa-miR-3940-3p CAGCCCGGAUCCCAGCCCACUU 239 22 8 hsa-miR-494UGAAACAUACACGGGAAACCUC 240 22 8 hsa-miR-495 AAACAAACAUGGUGCACUUCUU 24122 8 hsa-miR-545-3p UCAGCAAACAUUUAUUGUGUGC 242 22 8 hsa-miR-99b-3pCAAGCUCGUGUCUGUGGGUCCG 243 22 8 hsa-miR-1197 UAGGACACAUGGUCUACUUCU 24421 7 hsa-miR-181b-3p CUCACUGAACAAUGAAUGCAA 245 21 7 hsa-miR-212-5pACCUUGGCUCUAGACUGCUUACU 246 23 7 hsa-miR-3200-3p CACCUUGCGCUACUCAGGUCUG247 22 7 hsa-miR-340-3p UCCGUCUCAGUUACUUUAUAGC 248 22 7 hsa-miR-3607-5pGCAUGUGAUGAAGCAAAUCAGU 249 22 7 hsa-miR-361-3p UCCCCCAGGUGUGAUUCUGAUUU250 23 7 hsa-miR-3656 GGCGGGUGCGGGGGUGG 251 17 7 hsa-miR-532-3pCCUCCCACACCCAAGGCUUGCA 252 22 7 hsa-miR-574-3p CACGCUCAUGCACACACCCACA253 22 7 hsa-miR-107 AGCAGCAUUGUACAGGGCUAUCA 254 23 6 hsa-miR-127-5pCUGAAGCUCAGAGGGCUCUGAU 255 22 6 hsa-miR-18a-5p UAAGGUGCAUCUAGUGCAGAUAG256 23 6 hsa-miR-26a-2-3p CCUAUUCUUGAUUACUUGUUUC 257 22 6 hsa-miR-296-5pAGGGCCCCCCCUCAAUCCUGU 258 21 6 hsa-miR-3648 AGCCGCGGGGAUCGCCGAGGG 259 216 hsa-miR-382-3p AAUCAUUCACGGACAACACUU 260 21 6 hsa-miR-3939UACGCGCAGACCACAGGAUGUC 261 22 6 hsa-miR-432-3p CUGGAUGGCUCCUCCAUGUCU 26221 6 hsa-miR-4423-5p AGUUGCCUUUUUGUUCCCAUGC 263 22 6 hsa-miR-4466GGGUGCGGGCCGGCGGGG 264 18 6 hsa-miR-454-5p ACCCUAUCAAUAUUGUCUCUGC 265 226 hsa-miR-4746-5p CCGGUCCCAGGAGAACCUGCAGA 266 23 6 hsa-miR-496UGAGUAUUACAUGGCCAAUCUC 267 22 6 hsa-miR-548o-3p CCAAAACUGCAGUUACUUUUGC268 22 6 hsa-miR-1248 ACCUUCUUGUAUAAGCACUGUGCUAAA 269 27 5 hsa-miR-1254AGCCUGGAAGCUGGAGCCUGCAGU 270 24 5 hsa-miR-1296 UUAGGGCCCUGGCUCCAUCUCC271 22 5 hsa-miR-136-5p ACUCCAUUUGUUUUGAUGAUGGA 272 23 5 hsa-miR-199a-5pCCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUC 273 23 5 hsa-miR-296-3p GAGGGUUGGGUGGAGGCUCUCC274 22 5 hsa-miR-3177-3p UGCACGGCACUGGGGACACGU 275 21 5 hsa-miR-324-3pACUGCCCCAGGUGCUGCUGG 276 20 5 hsa-miR-337-5p GAACGGCUUCAUACAGGAGUU 27721 5 hsa-miR-342-5p AGGGGUGCUAUCUGUGAUUGA 278 21 5 hsa-miR-365b-3pUAAUGCCCCUAAAAAUCCUUAU 279 22 5 hsa-miR-3676-5p AGGAGAUCCUGGGUU 280 15 5hsa-miR-502-3p AAUGCACCUGGGCAAGGAUUCA 281 22 5 hsa-miR-505-3pCGUCAACACUUGCUGGUUUCCU 282 22 5 hsa-miR-550a-3p UGUCUUACUCCCUCAGGCACAU283 22 5 hsa-miR-5587-3p GCCCCGGGCAGUGUGAUCAUC 284 21 5 hsa-miR-641AAAGACAUAGGAUAGAGUCACCUC 285 24 5 hsa-miR-655 AUAAUACAUGGUUAACCUCUUU 28622 5 hsa-miR-664-3p UAUUCAUUUAUCCCCAGCCUACA 287 23 5 hsa-miR-671-5pAGGAAGCCCUGGAGGGGCUGGAG 288 23 5 hsa-miR-760 CGGCUCUGGGUCUGUGGGGA 289 205 hsa-let-7e-3p CUAUACGGCCUCCUAGCUUUCC 290 22 4 hsa-miR-1268aCGGGCGUGGUGGUGGGGG 291 18 4 hsa-miR-1273f GGAGAUGGAGGUUGCAGUG 292 19 4hsa-miR-1286 UGCAGGACCAAGAUGAGCCCU 293 21 4 hsa-miR-1291UGGCCCUGACUGAAGACCAGCAGU 294 24 4 hsa-miR-141-3p UAACACUGUCUGGUAAAGAUGG295 22 4 hsa-miR-1468 CUCCGUUUGCCUGUUUCGCUG 296 21 4 hsa-miR-328CUGGCCCUCUCUGCCCUUCCGU 297 22 4 hsa-miR-424-3p CAAAACGUGAGGCGCUGCUAU 29821 4 hsa-miR-4454 GGAUCCGAGUCACGGCACCA 299 20 4 hsa-miR-4463GAGACUGGGGUGGGGCC 300 17 4 hsa-miR-4671-3p UUAGUGCAUAGUCUUUGGUCU 301 214 hsa-miR-4775 UUAAUUUUUUGUUUCGGUCACU 302 22 4 hsa-miR-500a-5pUAAUCCUUGCUACCUGGGUGAGA 303 23 4 hsa-miR-548b-5p AAAAGUAAUUGUGGUUUUGGCC304 22 4 hsa-miR-573 CUGAAGUGAUGUGUAACUGAUCAG 305 24 4 hsa-miR-576-5pAUUCUAAUUUCUCCACGUCUUU 306 22 4 hsa-miR-625-3p GACUAUAGAACUUUCCCCCUCA307 22 4 hsa-miR-652-3p AAUGGCGCCACUAGGGUUGUG 308 21 4 hsa-miR-665ACCAGGAGGCUGAGGCCCCU 309 20 4 hsa-miR-766-3p ACUCCAGCCCCACAGCCUCAGC 31022 4 hsa-miR-935 CCAGUUACCGCUUCCGCUACCGC 311 23 4 hsa-miR-937AUCCGCGCUCUGACUCUCUGCC 312 22 4 hsa-miR-1180 UUUCCGGCUCGCGUGGGUGUGU 31322 3 hsa-miR-1185-2-3p AUAUACAGGGGGAGACUCUCAU 314 22 3 hsa-miR-132-5pACCGUGGCUUUCGAUUGUUACU 315 22 3 hsa-miR-16-2-3p CCAAUAUUACUGUGCUGCUUUA316 22 3 hsa-miR-20b-5p CAAAGUGCUCAUAGUGCAGGUAG 317 23 3 hsa-miR-2116-3pCCUCCCAUGCCAAGAACUCCC 318 21 3 hsa-miR-299-5p UGGUUUACCGUCCCACAUACAU 31922 3 hsa-miR-30b-3p CUGGGAGGUGGAUGUUUACUUC 320 22 3 hsa-miR-30c-2-3pCUGGGAGAAGGCUGUUUACUCU 321 22 3 hsa-miR-3187-3p UUGGCCAUGGGGCUGCGCGG 32220 3 hsa-miR-3615 UCUCUCGGCUCCUCGCGGCUC 323 21 3 hsa-miR-3620UCACCCUGCAUCCCGCACCCAG 324 22 3 hsa-miR-3654 GACUGGACAAGCUGAGGAA 325 193 hsa-miR-3662 GAAAAUGAUGAGUAGUGACUGAUG 326 24 3 hsa-miR-3681-5pUAGUGGAUGAUGCACUCUGUGC 327 22 3 hsa-miR-4286 ACCCCACUCCUGGUACC 328 17 3hsa-miR-4640-3p CACCCCCUGUUUCCUGGCCCAC 329 22 3 hsa-miR-4717-3pACACAUGGGUGGCUGUGGCCU 330 21 3 hsa-miR-542-3p UGUGACAGAUUGAUAACUGAAA 33122 3 hsa-miR-5584-5p CAGGGAAAUGGGAAGAACUAGA 332 22 3 hsa-miR-570-3pCGAAAACAGCAAUUACCUUUGC 333 22 3 hsa-miR-574-5p UGAGUGUGUGUGUGUGAGUGUGU334 23 3 hsa-miR-628-3p UCUAGUAAGAGUGGCAGUCGA 335 21 3 hsa-miR-654-3pUAUGUCUGCUGACCAUCACCUU 336 22 3 hsa-miR-769-3p CUGGGAUCUCCGGGGUCUUGGUU337 23 3 hsa-miR-943 CUGACUGUUGCCGUCCUCCAG 338 21 3 hsa-let-7b-3pCUAUACAACCUACUGCCUUCCC 339 22 2 hsa-miR-1244 AAGUAGUUGGUUUGUAUGAGAUGGUU340 26 2 hsa-miR-1255a AGGAUGAGCAAAGAAAGUAGAUU 341 23 2 hsa-miR-1273eUUGCUUGAACCCAGGAAGUGGA 342 22 2 hsa-miR-1289 UGGAGUCCAGGAAUCUGCAUUUU 34323 2 hsa-miR-152 UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGG 344 21 2 hsa-miR-194-5pUGUAACAGCAACUCCAUGUGGA 345 22 2 hsa-miR-195-5p UAGCAGCACAGAAAUAUUGGC 34621 2 hsa-miR-200c-3p UAAUACUGCCGGGUAAUGAUGGA 347 23 2 hsa-miR-212-3pUAACAGUCUCCAGUCACGGCC 348 21 2 hsa-miR-222-5p CUCAGUAGCCAGUGUAGAUCCU 34922 2 hsa-miR-3065-3p UCAGCACCAGGAUAUUGUUGGAG 350 23 2 hsa-miR-3115AUAUGGGUUUACUAGUUGGU 351 20 2 hsa-miR-3126-5p UGAGGGACAGAUGCCAGAAGCA 35222 2 hsa-miR-3174 UAGUGAGUUAGAGAUGCAGAGCC 353 23 2 hsa-miR-324-5pCGCAUCCCCUAGGGCAUUGGUGU 354 23 2 hsa-miR-33a-5p GUGCAUUGUAGUUGCAUUGCA355 21 2 hsa-miR-3677-3p CUCGUGGGCUCUGGCCACGGCC 356 22 2 hsa-miR-369-5pAGAUCGACCGUGUUAUAUUCGC 357 22 2 hsa-miR-425-3p AUCGGGAAUGUCGUGUCCGCCC358 22 2 hsa-miR-4426 GAAGAUGGACGUACUUU 359 17 2 hsa-miR-4467UGGCGGCGGUAGUUAUGGGCUU 360 22 2 hsa-miR-4482-3p UUUCUAUUUCUCAGUGGGGCUC361 22 2 hsa-miR-4515 AGGACUGGACUCCCGGCAGCCC 362 22 2 hsa-miR-4792CGGUGAGCGCUCGCUGGC 363 18 2 hsa-miR-659-5p AGGACCUUCCCUGAACCAAGGA 364 222 hsa-miR-663a AGGCGGGGCGCCGCGGGACCGC 365 22 2 hsa-miR-940AAGGCAGGGCCCCCGCUCCCC 366 21 2 hsa-miR-99a-3p CAAGCUCGCUUCUAUGGGUCUG 36722 2 hsa-miR-1185-5p AGAGGAUACCCUUUGUAUGUU 368 21 1 hsa-miR-1225-3pUGAGCCCCUGUGCCGCCCCCAG 369 22 1 hsa-miR-1237 UCCUUCUGCUCCGUCCCCCAG 37021 1 hsa-miR-1252 AGAAGGAAAUUGAAUUCAUUUA 371 22 1 hsa-miR-1257AGUGAAUGAUGGGUUCUGACC 372 21 1 hsa-miR-1260b AUCCCACCACUGCCACCAU 373 191 hsa-miR-1273d GAACCCAUGAGGUUGAGGCUGCAGU 374 25 1 hsa-miR-1290UGGAUUUUUGGAUCAGGGA 375 19 1 hsa-miR-1306-3p ACGUUGGCUCUGGUGGUG 376 18 1hsa-miR-1321 CAGGGAGGUGAAUGUGAU 377 18 1 hsa-miR-1343CUCCUGGGGCCCGCACUCUCGC 378 22 1 hsa-miR-138-5p AGCUGGUGUUGUGAAUCAGGCCG379 23 1 hsa-miR-140-5p CAGUGGUUUUACCCUAUGGUAG 380 22 1 hsa-miR-146b-3pUGCCCUGUGGACUCAGUUCUGG 381 22 1 hsa-miR-186-3p GCCCAAAGGUGAAUUUUUUGGG382 22 1 hsa-miR-1908 CGGCGGGGACGGCGAUUGGUC 383 21 1 hsa-miR-1915-3pCCCCAGGGCGACGCGGCGGG 384 20 1 hsa-miR-1915-5p ACCUUGCCUUGCUGCCCGGGCC 38522 1 hsa-miR-193a-3p AACUGGCCUACAAAGUCCCAGU 386 22 1 hsa-miR-19b-1-5pAGUUUUGCAGGUUUGCAUCCAGC 387 23 1 hsa-miR-208b AUAAGACGAACAAAAGGUUUGU 38822 1 hsa-miR-2110 UUGGGGAAACGGCCGCUGAGUG 389 22 1 hsa-miR-219-1-3pAGAGUUGAGUCUGGACGUCCCG 390 22 1 hsa-miR-26b-3p CCUGUUCUCCAUUACUUGGCUC391 22 1 hsa-miR-2964a-3p AGAAUUGCGUUUGGACAAUCAGU 392 23 1hsa-miR-29a-5p ACUGAUUUCUUUUGGUGUUCAG 393 22 1 hsa-miR-3126-3pCAUCUGGCAUCCGUCACACAGA 394 22 1 hsa-miR-3130-3p GCUGCACCGGAGACUGGGUAA395 21 1 hsa-miR-3130-5p UACCCAGUCUCCGGUGCAGCC 396 21 1 hsa-miR-3140-5pACCUGAAUUACCAAAAGCUUU 397 21 1 hsa-miR-3155a CCAGGCUCUGCAGUGGGAACU 39821 1 hsa-miR-3157-3p CUGCCCUAGUCUAGCUGAAGCU 399 22 1 hsa-miR-3180-3pUGGGGCGGAGCUUCCGGAGGCC 400 22 1 hsa-miR-323b-5p AGGUUGUCCGUGGUGAGUUCGCA401 23 1 hsa-miR-339-5p UCCCUGUCCUCCAGGAGCUCACG 402 23 1 hsa-miR-34a-3pCAAUCAGCAAGUAUACUGCCCU 403 22 1 hsa-miR-34b-3p CAAUCACUAACUCCACUGCCAU404 22 1 hsa-miR-34c-3p AAUCACUAACCACACGGCCAGG 405 22 1 hsa-miR-3658UUUAAGAAAACACCAUGGAGAU 406 22 1 hsa-miR-365a-5p AGGGACUUUUGGGGGCAGAUGUG407 23 1 hsa-miR-3676-3p CCGUGUUUCCCCCACGCUUU 408 20 1 hsa-miR-3691-5pAGUGGAUGAUGGAGACUCGGUAC 409 23 1 hsa-miR-376a-5p GUAGAUUCUCCUUCUAUGAGUA410 22 1 hsa-miR-378g ACUGGGCUUGGAGUCAGAAG 411 20 1 hsa-miR-3909UGUCCUCUAGGGCCUGCAGUCU 412 22 1 hsa-miR-3928 GGAGGAACCUUGGAGCUUCGGC 41322 1 hsa-miR-3942-3p UUUCAGAUAACAGUAUUACAU 414 21 1 hsa-miR-3944-5pUGUGCAGCAGGCCAACCGAGA 415 21 1 hsa-miR-3960 GGCGGCGGCGGAGGCGGGGG 416 201 hsa-miR-4326 UGUUCCUCUGUCUCCCAGAC 417 20 1 hsa-miR-4444CUCGAGUUGGAAGAGGCG 418 18 1 hsa-miR-4450 UGGGGAUUUGGAGAAGUGGUGA 419 22 1hsa-miR-4642 AUGGCAUCGUCCCCUGGUGGCU 420 22 1 hsa-miR-4668-5pAGGGAAAAAAAAAAGGAUUUGUC 421 23 1 hsa-miR-4673 UCCAGGCAGGAGCCGGACUGGA 42222 1 hsa-miR-4688 UAGGGGCAGCAGAGGACCUGGG 423 22 1 hsa-miR-4700-3pCACAGGACUGACUCCUCACCCCAGUG 424 26 1 hsa-miR-4731-3pCACACAAGUGGCCCCCAACACU 425 22 1 hsa-miR-4749-3p CGCCCCUCCUGCCCCCACAG 42620 1 hsa-miR-4769-5p GGUGGGAUGGAGAGAAGGUAUGAG 427 24 1 hsa-miR-4800-5pAGUGGACCGAGGAAGGAAGGA 428 21 1 hsa-miR-491-5p AGUGGGGAACCCUUCCAUGAGG 42922 1 hsa-miR-501-5p AAUCCUUUGUCCCUGGGUGAGA 430 22 1 hsa-miR-5092AAUCCACGCUGAGCUUGGCAUC 431 22 1 hsa-miR-541-5p AAAGGAUUCUGCUGUCGGUCCCACU432 25 1 hsa-miR-542-5p UCGGGGAUCAUCAUGUCACGAGA 433 23 1 hsa-miR-551b-3pGCGACCCAUACUUGGUUUCAG 434 21 1 hsa-miR-5690 UCAGCUACUACCUCUAUUAGG 435 211 hsa-miR-577 UAGAUAAAAUAUUGGUACCUG 436 21 1 hsa-miR-584-3pUCAGUUCCAGGCCAACCAGGCU 437 22 1 hsa-miR-589-3p UCAGAACAAAUGCCGGUUCCCAGA438 24 1 hsa-miR-616-5p ACUCAAAACCCUUCAGUGACUU 439 22 1 hsa-miR-628-5pAUGCUGACAUAUUUACUAGAGG 440 22 1 hsa-miR-629-5p UGGGUUUACGUUGGGAGAACU 44121 1 hsa-miR-644b-3p UUCAUUUGCCUCCCAGCCUACA 442 22 1 hsa-miR-664-5pACUGGCUAGGGAAAAUGAUUGGAU 443 24 1 hsa-miR-922 GCAGCAGAGAAUAGGACUACGUC444 23 1

TABLE 5 Cells EI CELLS- CTX0E03 07E1 SEQ ID MIRNA READ MIRNAMIRNA.SEQUENCE NO: LENGTH COUNTS hsa-let-7a-5p UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUAGUU 122 305060 hsa-miR-92b-3p UAUUGCACUCGUCCCGGCCUCC 13 22 242715hsa-miR-21-5p UAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGA 9 22 154626 hsa-miR-92a-3pUAUUGCACUUGUCCCGGCCUGU 7 22 137412 hsa-miR-127-3p UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGCU14 22 110806 hsa-miR-100-5p AACCCGUAGAUCCGAACUUGUG 3 22 109290hsa-miR-27b-3p UUCACAGUGGCUAAGUUCUGC 6 21 91902 hsa-miR-191-5pCAACGGAAUCCCAAAAGCAGCUG 8 23 89150 hsa-miR-26a-5p UUCAAGUAAUCCAGGAUAGGCU12 22 88724 hsa-miR-99b-5p CACCCGUAGAACCGACCUUGCG 4 22 87399hsa-let-7f-5p UGAGGUAGUAGAUUGUAUAGUU 11 22 78395 hsa-miR-181a-5pAACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGU 15 23 47686 hsa-miR-486-5pUCCUGUACUGAGCUGCCCCGAG 5 22 41639 hsa-miR-30a-5p UGUAAACAUCCUCGACUGGAAG30 22 35465 hsa-miR-98 UGAGGUAGUAAGUUGUAUUGUU 10 22 30440hsa-miR-151a-3p CUAGACUGAAGCUCCUUGAGG 25 21 29047 hsa-miR-21-3pCAACACCAGUCGAUGGGCUGU 20 21 27733 hsa-miR-30d-5p UGUAAACAUCCCCGACUGGAAG31 22 27307 hsa-let-7c UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUU 17 22 27224 hsa-miR-10a-5pUACCCUGUAGAUCCGAAUUUGUG 2 23 26908 hsa-miR-22-3p AAGCUGCCAGUUGAAGAACUGU33 22 26456 hsa-miR-182-5p UUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACACU 16 24 25885hsa-miR-222-3p AGCUACAUCUGGCUACUGGGU 36 21 22187 hsa-miR-125a-5pUCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUGA 35 24 20960 hsa-miR-16-5pUAGCAGCACGUAAAUAUUGGCG 29 22 19856 hsa-let-7b-5p UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUGUGGUU28 22 19774 hsa-miR-151a-5p UCGAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAGU 37 21 19773hsa-let-7e-5p UGAGGUAGGAGGUUGUAUAGUU 27 22 19035 hsa-miR-125b-5pUCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGA 42 22 17965 hsa-let-7i-5p UGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUGCUGUU22 22 17802 hsa-let-7g-5p UGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUACAGUU 43 22 15467hsa-miR-409-3p GAAUGUUGCUCGGUGAACCCCU 47 22 14133 hsa-miR-30e-5pUGUAAACAUCCUUGACUGGAAG 45 22 13889 hsa-miR-181b-5pAACAUUCAUUGCUGUCGGUGGGU 38 23 12606 hsa-miR-186-5pCAAAGAAUUCUCCUUUUGGGCU 40 22 12441 hsa-miR-381 UAUACAAGGGCAAGCUCUCUGU 5122 9851 hsa-miR-423-5p UGAGGGGCAGAGAGCGAGACUUU 41 23 8893 hsa-miR-30c-5pUGUAAACAUCCUACACUCUCAGC 66 23 8737 hsa-miR-410 AAUAUAACACAGAUGGCCUGU 5021 8509 hsa-miR-146b-5p UGAGAACUGAAUUCCAUAGGCU 19 22 8434 hsa-miR-654-3pUAUGUCUGCUGACCAUCACCUU 336 22 8392 hsa-miR-9-5p UCUUUGGUUAUCUAGCUGUAUGA58 23 7957 hsa-miR-28-3p CACUAGAUUGUGAGCUCCUGGA 56 22 7767hsa-miR-148a-3p UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGU 54 22 6599 hsa-miR-379-5pUGGUAGACUAUGGAACGUAGG 18 21 6135 hsa-let-7d-5p AGAGGUAGUAGGUUGCAUAGUU 5322 5972 hsa-miR-183-5p UAUGGCACUGGUAGAAUUCACU 24 22 5477 hsa-miR-25-3pCAUUGCACUUGUCUCGGUCUGA 63 22 5303 hsa-miR-423-3p AGCUCGGUCUGAGGCCCCUCAGU57 23 5225 hsa-miR-889 UUAAUAUCGGACAACCAUUGU 64 21 4597 hsa-miR-221-5pACCUGGCAUACAAUGUAGAUUU 39 22 4379 hsa-miR-125b-1-3pACGGGUUAGGCUCUUGGGAGCU 49 22 4192 hsa-miR-409-5p AGGUUACCCGAGCAACUUUGCAU32 23 3970 hsa-miR-4492 GGGGCUGGGCGCGCGCC 34 17 3864 hsa-miR-148b-3pUCAGUGCAUCACAGAACUUUGU 48 22 3593 hsa-miR-103a-3pAGCAGCAUUGUACAGGGCUAUGA 62 23 3518 hsa-miR-1271-5pCUUGGCACCUAGCAAGCACUCA 72 22 3477 hsa-miR-136-3p CAUCAUCGUCUCAAAUGAGUCU82 22 3373 hsa-miR-769-5p UGAGACCUCUGGGUUCUGAGCU 75 22 2957 hsa-miR-4532CCCCGGGGAGCCCGGCG 23 17 2915 hsa-miR-378a-3p ACUGGACUUGGAGUCAGAAGG 65 212895 hsa-miR-99a-5p AACCCGUAGAUCCGAUCUUGUG 52 22 2767 hsa-miR-221-3pAGCUACAUUGUCUGCUGGGUUUC 79 23 2764 hsa-miR-30e-3p CUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUACAGC71 22 2441 hsa-miR-26b-5p UUCAAGUAAUUCAGGAUAGGU 90 21 2432 hsa-miR-4488AGGGGGCGGGCUCCGGCG 61 18 2391 hsa-miR-27a-3p UUCACAGUGGCUAAGUUCCGC 46 212385 hsa-miR-23b-3p AUCACAUUGCCAGGGAUUACC 59 21 2316 hsa-miR-500a-3pAUGCACCUGGGCAAGGAUUCUG 44 22 2144 hsa-miR-941 CACCCGGCUGUGUGCACAUGUGC 6023 2114 hsa-miR-23a-3p AUCACAUUGCCAGGGAUUUCC 55 21 2086 hsa-miR-30a-3pCUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUGCAGC 77 22 2045 hsa-miR-30b-5p UGUAAACAUCCUACACUCAGCU96 22 1936 hsa-miR-501-3p AAUGCACCCGGGCAAGGAUUCU 26 22 1895hsa-miR-130b-3p CAGUGCAAUGAUGAAAGGGCAU 86 22 1862 hsa-miR-1246AAUGGAUUUUUGGAGCAGG 21 19 1783 hsa-miR-140-3p UACCACAGGGUAGAACCACGG 13821 1735 hsa-miR-31-5p AGGCAAGAUGCUGGCAUAGCU 80 21 1705 hsa-miR-493-3pUGAAGGUCUACUGUGUGCCAGG 83 22 1698 hsa-miR-181c-5p AACAUUCAACCUGUCGGUGAGU105 22 1554 hsa-miR-93-5p CAAAGUGCUGUUCGUGCAGGUAG 116 23 1492hsa-miR-181a-2-3p ACCACUGACCGUUGACUGUACC 102 22 1491 hsa-miR-15b-5pUAGCAGCACAUCAUGGUUUACA 78 22 1465 hsa-miR-7-5p UGGAAGACUAGUGAUUUUGUUGU85 23 1460 hsa-miR-192-5p CUGACCUAUGAAUUGACAGCC 87 21 1453hsa-miR-425-5p AAUGACACGAUCACUCCCGUUGA 111 23 1432 hsa-miR-204-5pUUCCCUUUGUCAUCCUAUGCCU 89 22 1378 hsa-miR-340-5p UUAUAAAGCAAUGAGACUGAUU93 22 1360 hsa-miR-190a UGAUAUGUUUGAUAUAUUAGGU 103 22 1305hsa-miR-34a-5p UGGCAGUGUCUUAGCUGGUUGU 101 22 1283 hsa-miR-20a-5pUAAAGUGCUUAUAGUGCAGGUAG 146 23 1257 hsa-miR-29a-3pUAGCACCAUCUGAAAUCGGUUA 106 22 1206 hsa-miR-361-5p UUAUCAGAAUCUCCAGGGGUAC70 22 1173 hsa-miR-671-3p UCCGGUUCUCAGGGCUCCACC 69 21 1166hsa-miR-411-5p UAGUAGACCGUAUAGCGUACG 108 21 1130 hsa-miR-589-5pUGAGAACCACGUCUGCUCUGAG 73 22 1067 hsa-miR-130a-3p CAGUGCAAUGUUAAAAGGGCAU113 22 1020 hsa-miR-320a AAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCGA 97 22 994 hsa-miR-149-5pUCUGGCUCCGUGUCUUCACUCCC 121 23 948 hsa-miR-335-5pUCAAGAGCAAUAACGAAAAAUGU 128 23 945 hsa-miR-134 UGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGG 9422 941 hsa-miR-17-5p CAAAGUGCUUACAGUGCAGGUAG 145 23 939 hsa-miR-493-5pUUGUACAUGGUAGGCUUUCAUU 88 22 876 hsa-miR-34c-5p AGGCAGUGUAGUUAGCUGAUUGC125 23 846 hsa-miR-484 UCAGGCUCAGUCCCCUCCCGAU 118 22 835 hsa-miR-181a-3pACCAUCGACCGUUGAUUGUACC 100 22 803 hsa-miR-24-3p UGGCUCAGUUCAGCAGGAACAG119 22 740 hsa-miR-128 UCACAGUGAACCGGUCUCUUU 109 21 707 hsa-miR-342-3pUCUCACACAGAAAUCGCACCCGU 81 23 698 hsa-miR-454-3p UAGUGCAAUAUUGCUUAUAGGGU169 23 690 hsa-miR-1307-5p UCGACCGGACCUCGACCGGCU 91 21 616 hsa-miR-487bAAUCGUACAGGGUCAUCCACUU 117 22 590 hsa-miR-130b-5p ACUCUUUCCCUGUUGCACUAC112 21 568 hsa-miR-197-3p UUCACCACCUUCUCCACCCAGC 122 22 544hsa-miR-432-5p UCUUGGAGUAGGUCAUUGGGUGG 95 23 542 hsa-miR-374a-5pUUAUAAUACAACCUGAUAAGUG 74 22 537 hsa-miR-345-5p GCUGACUCCUAGUCCAGGGCUC76 22 527 hsa-miR-744-5p UGCGGGGCUAGGGCUAACAGCA 99 22 515 hsa-miR-376cAACAUAGAGGAAAUUCCACGU 185 21 506 hsa-miR-181d AACAUUCAUUGUUGUCGGUGGGU157 23 497 hsa-miR-363-3p AAUUGCACGGUAUCCAUCUGUA 131 22 493hsa-miR-539-3p AUCAUACAAGGACAAUUUCUUU 150 22 493 hsa-miR-758UUUGUGACCUGGUCCACUAACC 141 22 477 hsa-miR-323a-3p CACAUUACACGGUCGACCUCU158 21 443 hsa-miR-107 AGCAGCAUUGUACAGGGCUAUCA 254 23 431 hsa-miR-720UCUCGCUGGGGCCUCCA 84 17 427 hsa-miR-654-5p UGGUGGGCCGCAGAACAUGUGC 115 22409 hsa-miR-370 GCCUGCUGGGGUGGAACCUGGU 126 22 406 hsa-miR-421AUCAACAGACAUUAAUUGGGCGC 151 23 399 hsa-miR-30d-3p CUUUCAGUCAGAUGUUUGCUGC114 22 358 hsa-miR-148b-5p AAGUUCUGUUAUACACUCAGGC 127 22 354hsa-miR-1301 UUGCAGCUGCCUGGGAGUGACUUC 181 24 346 hsa-miR-374b-5pAUAUAAUACAACCUGCUAAGUG 143 22 339 hsa-miR-125b-2-3pUCACAAGUCAGGCUCUUGGGAC 68 22 333 hsa-miR-28-5p AAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAUUGAG152 22 332 hsa-miR-495 AAACAAACAUGGUGCACUUCUU 241 22 321 hsa-miR-15a-5pUAGCAGCACAUAAUGGUUUGUG 223 22 320 hsa-miR-100-3p CAAGCUUGUAUCUAUAGGUAUG98 22 314 hsa-miR-193b-3p AACUGGCCCUCAAAGUCCCGCU 148 22 305hsa-miR-330-5p UCUCUGGGCCUGUGUCUUAGGC 161 22 303 hsa-miR-376a-3pAUCAUAGAGGAAAAUCCACGU 237 21 298 hsa-miR-135b-5p UAUGGCUUUUCAUUCCUAUGUGA137 23 289 hsa-miR-301a-3p CAGUGCAAUAGUAUUGUCAAAGC 107 23 280hsa-miR-218-5p UUGUGCUUGAUCUAACCAUGU 206 21 276 hsa-miR-143-3pUGAGAUGAAGCACUGUAGCUC 176 21 256 hsa-miR-27b-5p AGAGCUUAGCUGAUUGGUGAAC201 22 255 hsa-miR-369-3p AAUAAUACAUGGUUGAUCUUU 196 21 255hsa-miR-877-5p GUAGAGGAGAUGGCGCAGGG 133 20 249 hsa-miR-19b-3pUGUGCAAAUCCAUGCAAAACUGA 163 23 246 hsa-miR-424-5p CAGCAGCAAUUCAUGUUUUGAA186 22 245 hsa-miR-660-5p UACCCAUUGCAUAUCGGAGUUG 187 22 244hsa-miR-532-5p CAUGCCUUGAGUGUAGGACCGU 178 22 238 hsa-miR-299-3pUAUGUGGGAUGGUAAACCGCUU 182 22 235 hsa-miR-431-3p CAGGUCGUCUUGCAGGGCUUCU168 22 231 hsa-miR-374a-3p CUUAUCAGAUUGUAUUGUAAUU 173 22 220hsa-miR-148a-5p AAAGUUCUGAGACACUCCGACU 144 22 214 hsa-miR-4516GGGAGAAGGGUCGGGGC 110 17 207 hsa-miR-92b-5p AGGGACGGGACGCGGUGCAGUG 20822 206 hsa-miR-16-2-3p CCAAUAUUACUGUGCUGCUUUA 316 22 202 hsa-miR-101-3pUACAGUACUGUGAUAACUGAA 142 21 201 hsa-let-7a-3p CUAUACAAUCUACUGUCUUUC 22221 199 hsa-miR-4485 UAACGGCCGCGGUACCCUAA 67 20 195 hsa-miR-455-3pGCAGUCCAUGGGCAUAUACAC 140 21 192 hsa-miR-185-5p UGGAGAGAAAGGCAGUUCCUGA224 22 188 hsa-miR-1185-1-3p AUAUACAGGGGGAGACUCUUAU 209 22 187hsa-miR-1197 UAGGACACAUGGUCUACUUCU 244 21 185 hsa-miR-106b-3pCCGCACUGUGGGUACUUGCUGC 159 22 178 hsa-miR-24-2-5p UGCCUACUGAGCUGAAACACAG156 22 178 hsa-miR-4677-3p UCUGUGAGACCAAAGAACUACU 120 22 177hsa-miR-380-3p UAUGUAAUAUGGUCCACAUCUU 445 22 174 hsa-miR-548kAAAAGUACUUGCGGAUUUUGCU 198 22 171 hsa-miR-1307-3p ACUCGGCGUGGCGUCGGUCGUG124 22 169 hsa-miR-485-3p GUCAUACACGGCUCUCCUCUCU 153 22 168 hsa-miR-494UGAAACAUACACGGGAAACCUC 240 22 165 hsa-miR-17-3p ACUGCAGUGAAGGCACUUGUAG184 22 163 hsa-miR-561-5p AUCAAGGAUCUUAAACUUUGCC 179 22 160hsa-miR-27a-5p AGGGCUUAGCUGCUUGUGAGCA 130 22 158 hsa-miR-874CUGCCCUGGCCCGAGGGACCGA 147 22 151 hsa-miR-9-3p AUAAAGCUAGAUAACCGAAAGU183 22 151 hsa-miR-96-5p UUUGGCACUAGCACAUUUUUGCU 123 23 151 hsa-miR-656AAUAUUAUACAGUCAACCUCU 221 21 147 hsa-miR-379-3p UAUGUAACAUGGUCCACUAACU446 22 145 hsa-miR-382-5p GAAGUUGUUCGUGGUGGAUUCG 238 22 144hsa-miR-541-3p UGGUGGGCACAGAAUCUGGACU 136 22 141 hsa-miR-337-3pCUCCUAUAUGAUGCCUUUCUUC 215 22 139 hsa-miR-15b-3p CGAAUCAUUAUUUGCUGCUCUA447 22 137 hsa-miR-20b-5p CAAAGUGCUCAUAGUGCAGGUAG 317 23 136 hsa-miR-329AACACACCUGGUUAACCUCUUU 214 22 136 hsa-miR-3676-5p AGGAGAUCCUGGGUU 280 15134 hsa-miR-543 AAACAUUCGCGGUGCACUUCUU 193 22 134 hsa-miR-365b-3pUAAUGCCCCUAAAAAUCCUUAU 279 22 133 hsa-miR-125a-3p ACAGGUGAGGUUCUUGGGAGCC160 22 131 hsa-miR-3065-5p UCAACAAAAUCACUGAUGCUGGA 226 23 130hsa-miR-1296 UUAGGGCCCUGGCUCCAUCUCC 271 22 126 hsa-miR-935CCAGUUACCGCUUCCGCUACCGC 311 23 118 hsa-miR-132-3p UAACAGUCUACAGCCAUGGUCG104 22 116 hsa-miR-4284 GGGCUCACAUCACCCCAU 191 18 116 hsa-miR-487aAAUCAUACAGGGACAUCCAGUU 203 22 113 hsa-miR-574-5p UGAGUGUGUGUGUGUGAGUGUGU334 23 113 hsa-miR-301b CAGUGCAAUGAUAUUGUCAAAGC 164 23 111hsa-miR-548o-3p CCAAAACUGCAGUUACUUUUGC 268 22 105 hsa-miR-18a-5pUAAGGUGCAUCUAGUGCAGAUAG 256 23 104 hsa-miR-485-5p AGAGGCUGGCCGUGAUGAAUUC165 22 104 hsa-miR-548ah-5p AAAAGUGAUUGCAGUGUUUG 235 20 103hsa-miR-361-3p UCCCCCAGGUGUGAUUCUGAUUU 250 23 101 hsa-miR-433AUCAUGAUGGGCUCCUCGGUGU 174 22 101 hsa-miR-337-5p GAACGGCUUCAUACAGGAGUU277 21 100 hsa-miR-1276 UAAAGAGCCCUGUGGAGACA 194 20 99 hsa-miR-30c-1-3pCUGGGAGAGGGUUGUUUACUCC 213 22 99 hsa-miR-31-3p UGCUAUGCCAACAUAUUGCCAU172 22 96 hsa-miR-424-3p CAAAACGUGAGGCGCUGCUAU 298 21 96 hsa-miR-550a-5pAGUGCCUGAGGGAGUAAGAGCCC 134 23 95 hsa-miR-4454 GGAUCCGAGUCACGGCACCA 29920 94 hsa-miR-541-5p AAAGGAUUCUGCUGUCGGUCCCACU 432 25 92 hsa-miR-106b-5pUAAAGUGCUGACAGUGCAGAU 170 21 89 hsa-miR-153 UUGCAUAGUCACAAAAGUGAUC 18822 88 hsa-miR-135b-3p AUGUAGGGCUAAAAGCCAUGGG 205 22 87 hsa-miR-574-3pCACGCUCAUGCACACACCCACA 253 22 87 hsa-miR-1226-3p UCACCAGCCCUGUGUUCCCUAG199 22 85 hsa-miR-576-5p AUUCUAAUUUCUCCACGUCUUU 306 22 84 hsa-miR-127-5pCUGAAGCUCAGAGGGCUCUGAU 255 22 83 hsa-miR-155-5p UUAAUGCUAAUCGUGAUAGGGGU448 23 83 hsa-miR-3176 ACUGGCCUGGGACUACCGG 227 19 83 hsa-miR-382-3pAAUCAUUCACGGACAACACUU 260 21 83 hsa-miR-1275 GUGGGGGAGAGGCUGUC 162 17 82hsa-miR-671-5p AGGAAGCCCUGGAGGGGCUGGAG 288 23 82 hsa-miR-23a-5pGGGGUUCCUGGGGAUGGGAUUU 212 22 81 hsa-miR-25-5p AGGCGGAGACUUGGGCAAUUG 22521 80 hsa-miR-641 AAAGACAUAGGAUAGAGUCACCUC 285 24 80 hsa-miR-19a-3pUGUGCAAAUCUAUGCAAAACUGA 177 23 79 hsa-miR-377-3p AUCACACAAAGGCAACUUUUGU449 22 78 hsa-miR-454-5p ACCCUAUCAAUAUUGUCUCUGC 265 22 78 hsa-miR-496UGAGUAUUACAUGGCCAAUCUC 267 22 78 hsa-miR-29b-3p UAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCAGUGUU166 23 77 hsa-miR-26a-2-3p CCUAUUCUUGAUUACUUGUUUC 257 22 76hsa-miR-1260b AUCCCACCACUGCCACCAU 373 19 74 hsa-miR-2467-5pUGAGGCUCUGUUAGCCUUGGCUC 154 23 74 hsa-miR-377-5p AGAGGUUGCCCUUGGUGAAUUC202 22 74 hsa-miR-330-3p GCAAAGCACACGGCCUGCAGAGA 195 23 73 hsa-miR-1180UUUCCGGCUCGCGUGGGUGUGU 313 22 71 hsa-miR-99b-3p CAAGCUCGUGUCUGUGGGUCCG243 22 71 hsa-miR-299-5p UGGUUUACCGUCCCACAUACAU 319 22 69hsa-miR-374b-3p CUUAGCAGGUUGUAUUAUCAUU 229 22 69 hsa-miR-4746-5pCCGGUCCCAGGAGAACCUGCAGA 266 23 69 hsa-miR-331-3p GCCCCUGGGCCUAUCCUAGAA450 21 68 hsa-miR-340-3p UCCGUCUCAGUUACUUUAUAGC 248 22 68hsa-miR-92a-1-5p AGGUUGGGAUCGGUUGCAAUGCU 204 23 68 hsa-miR-542-3pUGUGACAGAUUGAUAACUGAAA 331 22 66 hsa-miR-431-5p UGUCUUGCAGGCCGUCAUGCA132 21 65 hsa-miR-1254 AGCCUGGAAGCUGGAGCCUGCAGU 270 24 61hsa-miR-3158-3p AAGGGCUUCCUCUCUGCAGGAC 167 22 61 hsa-miR-362-5pAAUCCUUGGAACCUAGGUGUGAGU 139 24 61 hsa-miR-30c-2-3pCUGGGAGAAGGCUGUUUACUCU 321 22 59 hsa-miR-4461 GAUUGAGACUAGUAGGGCUAGGC129 23 59 hsa-miR-3200-3p CACCUUGCGCUACUCAGGUCUG 247 22 57 hsa-miR-215AUGACCUAUGAAUUGACAGAC 451 21 56 hsa-miR-1185-5p AGAGGAUACCCUUUGUAUGUU368 21 55 hsa-miR-328 CUGGCCCUCUCUGCCCUUCCGU 297 22 55 hsa-miR-655AUAAUACAUGGUUAACCUCUUU 286 22 55 hsa-miR-181b-3p CUCACUGAACAAUGAAUGCAA245 21 54 hsa-miR-376b AUCAUAGAGGAAAAUCCAUGUU 452 22 54 hsa-miR-486-3pCGGGGCAGCUCAGUACAGGAU 453 21 54 hsa-miR-760 CGGCUCUGGGUCUGUGGGGA 289 2054 hsa-miR-3909 UGUCCUCUAGGGCCUGCAGUCU 412 22 53 hsa-miR-4508GCGGGGCUGGGCGCGCG 135 17 53 hsa-miR-4521 GCUAAGGAAGUCCUGUGCUCAG 233 2253 hsa-let-7e-3p CUAUACGGCCUCCUAGCUUUCC 290 22 52 hsa-miR-455-5pUAUGUGCCUUUGGACUACAUCG 192 22 52 hsa-miR-93-3p ACUGCUGAGCUAGCACUUCCCG454 22 51 hsa-miR-151b UCGAGGAGCUCACAGUCU 455 18 49 hsa-miR-887GUGAACGGGCGCCAUCCCGAGG 456 22 49 hsa-miR-152 UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGG 34421 48 hsa-miR-324-3p ACUGCCCCAGGUGCUGCUGG 276 20 48 hsa-miR-1266CCUCAGGGCUGUAGAACAGGGCU 457 23 47 hsa-miR-302b-3pUAAGUGCUUCCAUGUUUUAGUAG 458 23 47 hsa-miR-548e AAAAACUGAGACUACUUUUGCA459 22 47 hsa-miR-502-3p AAUGCACCUGGGCAAGGAUUCA 281 22 46hsa-miR-302d-3p UAAGUGCUUCCAUGUUUGAGUGU 460 23 45 hsa-miR-3943UAGCCCCCAGGCUUCACUUGGCG 207 23 45 hsa-miR-1286 UGCAGGACCAAGAUGAGCCCU 29321 44 hsa-miR-3605-5p UGAGGAUGGAUAGCAAGGAAGCC 189 23 44 hsa-miR-505-3pCGUCAACACUUGCUGGUUUCCU 282 22 44 hsa-miR-3615 UCUCUCGGCUCCUCGCGGCUC 32321 43 hsa-miR-4435 AUGGCCAGAGCUCACACAGAGG 230 22 43 hsa-miR-598UACGUCAUCGUUGUCAUCGUCA 461 22 43 hsa-miR-126-5p CAUUAUUACUUUUGGUACGCG462 21 42 hsa-miR-4671-3p UUAGUGCAUAGUCUUUGGUCU 301 21 41 hsa-miR-652-3pAAUGGCGCCACUAGGGUUGUG 442 21 41 hsa-miR-3687 CCCGGACAGGCGUUCGUGCGACGU190 24 40 hsa-miR-4286 ACCCCACUCCUGGUACC 328 17 40 hsa-miR-590-3pUAAUUUUAUGUAUAAGCUAGU 463 21 40 hsa-miR-1285-3p UCUGGGCAACAAAGUGAGACCU464 22 39 hsa-miR-2355-5p AUCCCCAGAUACAAUGGACAA 593 21 38hsa-miR-550a-3p UGUCUUACUCCCUCAGGCACAU 283 22 38 hsa-let-7d-3pCUAUACGACCUGCUGCCUUUCU 92 22 37 hsa-miR-136-5p ACUCCAUUUGUUUUGAUGAUGGA272 23 37 hsa-miR-1468 CUCCGUUUGCCUGUUUCGCUG 296 21 37 hsa-miR-3609CAAAGUGAUGAGUAAUACUGGCUG 216 24 37 hsa-miR-548b-5pAAAAGUAAUUGUGGUUUUGGCC 304 22 37 hsa-miR-664-3p UAUUCAUUUAUCCCCAGCCUACA287 23 37 hsa-miR-99a-3p CAAGCUCGCUUCUAUGGGUCUG 367 22 37 hsa-miR-532-3pCCUCCCACACCCAAGGCUUGCA 252 22 36 hsa-miR-10b-5p UACCCUGUAGAACCGAAUUUGUG465 23 33 hsa-miR-369-5p AGAUCGACCGUGUUAUAUUCGC 357 22 33 hsa-miR-3161CUGAUAAGAACAGAGGCCCAGAU 466 23 32 hsa-miR-3940-3p CAGCCCGGAUCCCAGCCCACUU239 22 32 hsa-miR-663b GGUGGCCCGGCCGUGCCUGAGG 180 22 32 hsa-miR-219-2-3pAGAAUUGUGGCUGGACAUCUGU 467 22 31 hsa-miR-2277-5pAGCGCGGGCUGAGCGCUGCCAGUC 735 24 31 hsa-miR-4448 GGCUCCUUGGUCUAGGGGUA 23120 31 hsa-miR-339-5p UCCCUGUCCUCCAGGAGCUCACG 402 23 30 hsa-miR-3613-5pUGUUGUACUUUUUUUUUUGUUC 469 22 30 hsa-miR-4775 UUAAUUUUUUGUUUCGGUCACU 30222 30 hsa-miR-212-5p ACCUUGGCUCUAGACUGCUUACU 246 23 29 hsa-miR-324-5pCGCAUCCCCUAGGGCAUUGGUGU 354 23 27 hsa-miR-4326 UGUUCCUCUGUCUCCCAGAC 41720 27 hsa-miR-582-3p UAACUGGUUGAACAACUGAACC 470 22 27 hsa-miR-34a-3pCAAUCAGCAAGUAUACUGCCCU 403 22 26 hsa-miR-106a-5p AAAAGUGCUUACAGUGCAGGUAG471 23 25 hsa-miR-4745-5p UGAGUGGGGCUCCCGGGACGGCG 219 23 25hsa-miR-769-3p CUGGGAUCUCCGGGGUCUUGGUU 337 23 25 hsa-miR-1268aCGGGCGUGGUGGUGGGGG 291 18 24 hsa-miR-154-3p AAUCAUACACGGUUGACCUAUU 47222 24 hsa-miR-188-3p CUCCCACAUGCAGGGUUUGCA 200 21 24 hsa-miR-29c-3pUAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCGGUUA 473 22 24 hsa-miR-539-5p GGAGAAAUUAUCCUUGGUGUGU234 22 24 hsa-miR-766-3p ACUCCAGCCCCACAGCCUCAGC 310 22 24 hsa-miR-30b-3pCUGGGAGGUGGAUGUUUACUUC 320 22 23 hsa-miR-3177-3p UGCACGGCACUGGGGACACGU275 21 23 hsa-miR-191-3p GCUGCGCUUGGAUUUCGUCCCC 474 22 22 hsa-miR-296-3pGAGGGUUGGGUGGAGGCUCUCC 274 22 22 hsa-miR-296-5p AGGGCCCCCCCUCAAUCCUGU258 21 22 hsa-miR-339-3p UGAGCGCCUCGACGACAGAGCCG 228 23 22hsa-miR-501-5p AAUCCUUUGUCCCUGGGUGAGA 430 22 22 hsa-miR-200b-3pUAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGA 475 22 21 hsa-miR-212-3p UAACAGUCUCCAGUCACGGCC348 21 21 hsa-miR-26b-3p CCUGUUCUCCAUUACUUGGCUC 391 22 21 hsa-miR-665ACCAGGAGGCUGAGGCCCCU 309 20 21 hsa-miR-668 UGUCACUCGGCUCGGCCCACUAC 47623 21 hsa-miR-146a-5p UGAGAACUGAAUUCCAUGGGUU 477 22 20 hsa-miR-1973ACCGUGCAAAGGUAGCAUA 171 19 20 hsa-miR-210 CUGUGCGUGUGACAGCGGCUGA 478 2220 hsa-miR-3607-5p GCAUGUGAUGAAGCAAAUCAGU 249 22 20 hsa-miR-378a-5pCUCCUGACUCCAGGUCCUGUGU 217 22 20 hsa-miR-4449 CGUCCCGGGGCUGCGCGAGGCA 15522 20 hsa-miR-138-5p AGCUGGUGUUGUGAAUCAGGCCG 379 23 19 hsa-miR-146b-3pUGCCCUGUGGACUCAGUUCUGG 381 22 18 hsa-miR-3065-3p UCAGCACCAGGAUAUUGUUGGAG350 23 18 hsa-miR-4417 GGUGGGCUUCCCGGAGGG 175 18 18 hsa-miR-497-5pCAGCAGCACACUGUGGUUUGU 479 21 18 hsa-miR-500a-5p UAAUCCUUGCUACCUGGGUGAGA303 23 18 hsa-miR-625-3p GACUAUAGAACUUUCCCCCUCA 307 22 18 hsa-miR-628-3pUCUAGUAAGAGUGGCAGUCGA 335 21 18 hsa-miR-1343 CUCCUGGGGCCCGCACUCUCGC 37822 17 hsa-miR-3648 AGCCGCGGGGAUCGCCGAGGG 259 21 17 hsa-miR-432-3pCUGGAUGGCUCCUCCAUGUCU 262 21 17 hsa-miR-4482-3p UUUCUAUUUCUCAGUGGGGCUC361 22 17 hsa-miR-542-5p UCGGGGAUCAUCAUGUCACGAGA 433 23 17hsa-miR-551b-3p GCGACCCAUACUUGGUUUCAG 434 21 17 hsa-miR-7-1-3pCAACAAAUCACAGUCUGCCAUA 480 22 17 hsa-miR-219-1-3p AGAGUUGAGUCUGGACGUCCCG390 22 16 hsa-miR-3656 GGCGGGUGCGGGGGUGG 251 17 16 hsa-miR-3661UGACCUGGGACUCGGACAGCUG 481 22 16 hsa-miR-411-3p UAUGUAACACGGUCCACUAACC482 22 16 hsa-miR-5096 GUUUCACCAUGUUGGUCAGGC 220 21 16 hsa-miR-577UAGAUAAAAUAUUGGUACCUG 436 21 16 hsa-let-71-3p CUGCGCAAGCUACUGCCUUGCU 48322 15 hsa-miR-132-5p ACCGUGGCUUUCGAUUGUUACU 315 22 15 hsa-miR-140-5pCAGUGGUUUUACCCUAUGGUAG 380 22 15 hsa-miR-195-5p UAGCAGCACAGAAAUAUUGGC346 21 15 hsa-miR-3187-3p UUGGCCAUGGGGCUGCGCGG 322 20 15 hsa-miR-342-5pAGGGGUGCUAUCUGUGAUUGA 278 21 15 hsa-miR-34b-3p CAAUCACUAACUCCACUGCCAU404 22 15 hsa-miR-4661-5p AACUAGCUCUGUGGAUCCUGAC 484 22 15hsa-miR-584-5p UUAUGGUUUGCCUGGGACUGAG 485 22 15 hsa-miR-744-3pCUGUUGCCACUAACCUCAACCU 486 22 15 hsa-miR-770-5p UCCAGUACCACGUGUCAGGGCCA487 23 15 hsa-miR-3677-3p CUCGUGGGCUCUGGCCACGGCC 356 22 14hsa-miR-425-3p AUCGGGAAUGUCGUGUCCGCCC 358 22 14 hsa-miR-548ah-3pCAAAAACUGCAGUUACUUUUGC 149 22 14 hsa-miR-5699 UCCUGUCUUUCCUUGUUGGAGC 48822 14 hsa-miR-582-5p UUACAGUUGUUCAACCAGUUACU 489 23 14 hsa-miR-1185-2-3pAUAUACAGGGGGAGACUCUCAU 314 22 13 hsa-miR-1249 ACGCCCUUCCCCCCCUUCUUCA 49022 13 hsa-miR-1255a AGGAUGAGCAAAGAAAGUAGAUU 341 23 13 hsa-miR-1910CCAGUCCUGUGCCUGCCGCCU 236 21 13 hsa-miR-301a-5p GCUCUGACUUUAUUGCACUACU491 22 13 hsa-miR-5001-3p UUCUGCCUCUGUCCAGGUCCUU 492 22 13 hsa-miR-5094AAUCAGUGAAUGCCUUGAACCU 493 22 13 hsa-miR-628-5p AUGCUGACAUAUUUACUAGAGG440 22 13 hsa-miR-629-5p UGGGUUUACGUUGGGAGAACU 441 21 13 hsa-miR-937AUCCGCGCUCUGACUCUCUGCC 312 22 13 hsa-miR-940 AAGGCAGGGCCCCCGCUCCCC 36621 13 hsa-miR-1248 ACCUUCUUGUAUAAGCACUGUGCUAAA 269 27 12 hsa-miR-194-5pUGUAACAGCAACUCCAUGUGGA 345 22 12 hsa-miR-199b-3p ACAGUAGUCUGCACAUUGGUUA494 22 12 hsa-miR-22-5p AGUUCUUCAGUGGCAAGCUUUA 495 22 12 hsa-miR-3605-3pCCUCCGUGUUACCUGUCCUCUAG 496 23 12 hsa-miR-3654 GACUGGACAAGCUGAGGAA 32519 12 hsa-miR-504 AGACCCUGGUCUGCACUCUAUC 497 22 12 hsa-miR-1291UGGCCCUGACUGAAGACCAGCAGU 294 24 11 hsa-miR-1299 UUCUGGAAUUCUGUGUGAGGGA498 22 11 hsa-miR-188-5p CAUCCCUUGCAUGGUGGAGGG 499 21 11 hsa-miR-222-5pCUCAGUAGCCAGUGUAGAUCCU 349 22 11 hsa-miR-331-5p CUAGGUAUGGUCCCAGGGAUCC500 22 11 hsa-miR-3939 UACGCGCAGACCACAGGAUGUC 261 22 11 hsa-miR-154-5pUAGGUUAUCCGUGUUGCCUUCG 501 22 10 hsa-miR-18a-3p ACUGCCCUAAGUGCUCCUUCUGG502 23 10 hsa-miR-1908 CGGCGGGGACGGCGAUUGGUC 383 21 10 hsa-miR-200c-3pUAAUACUGCCGGGUAAUGAUGGA 347 23 10 hsa-miR-2116-3p CCUCCCAUGCCAAGAACUCCC318 21 10 hsa-miR-302a-3p UAAGUGCUUCCAUGUUUUGGUGA 503 23 10 hsa-miR-3174UAGUGAGUUAGAGAUGCAGAGCC 353 23 10 hsa-miR-326 CCUCUGGGCCCUUCCUCCAG 50420 10 hsa-let-7g-3p CUGUACAGGCCACUGCCUUGC 505 21 9 hsa-miR-141-3pUAACACUGUCUGGUAAAGAUGG 295 22 9 hsa-miR-24-1-5p UGCCUACUGAGCUGAUAUCAGU506 22 9 hsa-miR-3115 AUAUGGGUUUACUAGUUGGU 351 20 9 hsa-miR-3180-3pUGGGGCGGAGCUUCCGGAGGCC 400 22 9 hsa-miR-33a-5p GUGCAUUGUAGUUGCAUUGCA 35521 9 hsa-miR-34c-3p AAUCACUAACCACACGGCCAGG 405 22 9 hsa-miR-3929GAGGCUGAUGUGAGUAGACCACU 218 23 9 hsa-miR-4517 AAAUAUGAUGAAACUCACAGCUGAG507 25 9 hsa-miR-576-3p AAGAUGUGGAAAAAUUGGAAUC 508 22 9 hsa-miR-1229CUCUCACCACUGCCCUCCCACAG 509 23 8 hsa-miR-1289 UGGAGUCCAGGAAUCUGCAUUUU343 23 8 hsa-miR-1915-5p ACCUUGCCUUGCUGCCCGGGCC 385 22 8 hsa-miR-23b-5pUGGGUUCCUGGCAUGCUGAUUU 510 22 8 hsa-miR-302a-5p ACUUAAACGUGGAUGUACUUGCU511 23 8 hsa-miR-3938 AAUUCCCUUGUAGAUAACCCGG 512 22 8 hsa-miR-4466GGGUGCGGGCCGGCGGGG 264 18 8 hsa-miR-4786-5p UGAGACCAGGACUGGAUGCACC 19722 8 hsa-miR-589-3p UCAGAACAAAUGCCGGUUCCCAGA 438 24 8 hsa-miR-616-5pACUCAAAACCCUUCAGUGACUU 439 22 8 hsa-miR-943 CUGACUGUUGCCGUCCUCCAG 338 218 hsa-miR-1237 UCCUUCUGCUCCGUCCCCCAG 370 21 7 hsa-miR-1915-3pCCCCAGGGCGACGCGGCGGG 384 20 7 hsa-miR-3620 UCACCCUGCAUCCCGCACCCAG 324 227 hsa-miR-3691-5p AGUGGAUGAUGGAGACUCGGUAC 409 23 7 hsa-miR-4426GAAGAUGGACGUACUUU 359 17 7 hsa-let-7a-2-3p CUGUACAGCCUCCUAGCUUUCC 513 226 hsa-miR-10a-3p CAAAUUCGUAUCUAGGGGAAUA 514 22 6 hsa-miR-1287UGCUGGAUCAGUGGUUCGAGUC 515 22 6 hsa-miR-145-5p GUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCU516 23 6 hsa-miR-29b-1-5p GCUGGUUUCAUAUGGUGGUUUAGA 517 24 6 hsa-miR-3128UCUGGCAAGUAAAAAACUCUCAU 518 23 6 hsa-miR-33b-5p GUGCAUUGCUGUUGCAUUGC 51920 6 hsa-miR-3681-5p UAGUGGAUGAUGCACUCUGUGC 327 22 6 hsa-miR-3685UUUCCUACCCUACCUGAAGACU 520 22 6 hsa-miR-3918 ACAGGGCCGCAGAUGGAGACU 52121 6 hsa-miR-551b-5p GAAAUCAAGCGUGGGUGAGACC 522 22 6 hsa-miR-1273fGGAGAUGGAGGUUGCAGUG 292 19 5 hsa-miR-1273g-3p ACCACUGCACUCCAGCCUGAG 21021 5 hsa-miR-1304-5p UUUGAGGCUACAGUGAGAUGUG 523 22 5 hsa-miR-1538CGGCCCGGGCUGCUGCUGUUCCU 524 23 5 hsa-miR-181c-3p AACCAUCGACCGUUGAGUGGAC525 22 5 hsa-miR-193a-5p UGGGUCUUUGCGGGCGAGAUGA 526 22 5 hsa-miR-208bAUAAGACGAACAAAAGGUUUGU 388 22 5 hsa-miR-219-5p UGAUUGUCCAAACGCAAUUCU 52721 5 hsa-miR-3159 UAGGAUUACAAGUGUCGGCCAC 528 22 5 hsa-miR-3173-5pUGCCCUGCCUGUUUUCUCCUUU 529 22 5 hsa-miR-3175 CGGGGAGAGAACGCAGUGACGU 53022 5 hsa-miR-3200-5p AAUCUGAGAAGGCGCACAAGGU 531 22 5 hsa-miR-3662GAAAAUGAUGAGUAGUGACUGAUG 326 24 5 hsa-miR-3928 GGAGGAACCUUGGAGCUUCGGC413 22 5 hsa-miR-4709-3p UUGAAGAGGAGGUGCUCUGUAGC 532 23 5hsa-miR-4787-3p GAUGCGCCGCCCACUGCCCCGCGC 533 24 5 hsa-miR-499a-5pUUAAGACUUGCAGUGAUGUUU 534 21 5 hsa-miR-545-3p UCAGCAAACAUUUAUUGUGUGC 24222 5 hsa-miR-548u CAAAGACUGCAAUUACUUUUGCG 535 23 5 hsa-miR-659-5pAGGACCUUCCCUGAACCAAGGA 364 22 5 hsa-miR-1257 AGUGAAUGAUGGGUUCUGACC 37221 4 hsa-miR-1292 UGGGAACGGGUUCCGGCAGACGCUG 536 25 4 hsa-miR-1914-5pCCCUGUGCCCGGCCCACUUCUG 537 22 4 hsa-miR-195-3p CCAAUAUUGGCUGUGCUGCUCC538 22 4 hsa-miR-2110 UUGGGGAAACGGCCGCUGAGUG 389 22 4 hsa-miR-302c-5pUUUAACAUGGGGGUACCUGCUG 539 22 4 hsa-miR-3126-3p CAUCUGGCAUCCGUCACACAGA394 22 4 hsa-miR-3126-5p UGAGGGACAGAUGCCAGAAGCA 352 22 4hsa-miR-3150a-5p CAACCUCGACGAUCUCCUCAGC 540 22 4 hsa-miR-3157-3pCUGCCCUAGUCUAGCUGAAGCU 399 22 4 hsa-miR-323b-3p CCCAAUACACGGUCGACCUCUU541 22 4 hsa-miR-335-3p UUUUUCAUUAUUGCUCCUGACC 542 22 4 hsa-miR-3607-3pACUGUAAACGCUUUCUGAUG 543 20 4 hsa-miR-3653 CUAAGAAGUUGACUGAAG 544 18 4hsa-miR-3663-3p UGAGCACCACACAGGCCGGGCGC 545 23 4 hsa-miR-376a-5pGUAGAUUCUCCUUCUAUGAGUA 410 22 4 hsa-miR-4423-3p AUAGGCACCAAAAAGCAACAA662 21 4 hsa-miR-4423-5p AGUUGCCUUUUUGUUCCCAUGC 263 22 4 hsa-miR-4463GAGACUGGGGUGGGGCC 300 17 4 hsa-miR-449a UGGCAGUGUAUUGUUAGCUGGU 547 22 4hsa-miR-4511 GAAGAACUGUUGCAUUUGCCCU 548 22 4 hsa-miR-4640-3pCACCCCCUGUUUCCUGGCCCAC 329 22 4 hsa-miR-4800-3p CAUCCGUCCGUCUGUCCAC 54919 4 hsa-miR-505-5p GGGAGCCAGGAAGUAUUGAUGU 550 22 4 hsa-miR-548a-3pCAAAACUGGCAAUUACUUUUGC 551 22 4 hsa-miR-570-3p CGAAAACAGCAAUUACCUUUGC333 22 4 hsa-miR-663a AGGCGGGGCGCCGCGGGACCGC 365 22 4 hsa-miR-877-3pUCCUCUUCUCCCUCCUCCCAG 552 21 4 hsa-miR-103a-2-5p AGCUUCUUUACAGUGCUGCCUUG553 23 3 hsa-miR-1268b CGGGCGUGGUGGUGGGGGUG 554 20 3 hsa-miR-1270CUGGAGAUAUGGAAGAGCUGUGU 555 23 3 hsa-miR-1293 UGGGUGGUCUGGAGAUUUGUGC 55622 3 hsa-miR-1322 GAUGAUGCUGCUGAUGCUG 557 19 3 hsa-miR-150-5pUCUCCCAACCCUUGUACCAGUG 558 22 3 hsa-miR-190b UGAUAUGUUUGAUAUUGGGUU 55921 3 hsa-miR-193a-3p AACUGGCCUACAAAGUCCCAGU 386 22 3 hsa-miR-193b-5pCGGGGUUUUGAGGGCGAGAUGA 560 22 3 hsa-miR-199a-5p CCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUC273 23 3 hsa-miR-20a-3p ACUGCAUUAUGAGCACUUAAAG 561 22 3 hsa-miR-216aUAAUCUCAGCUGGCAACUGUGA 562 22 3 hsa-miR-2682-5p CAGGCAGUGACUGUUCAGACGUC563 23 3 hsa-miR-2964a-5p AGAUGUCCAGCCACAAUUCUCG 564 22 3hsa-miR-3177-5p UGUGUACACACGUGCCAGGCGCU 565 23 3 hsa-miR-320cAAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGU 566 20 3 hsa-miR-323a-5p AGGUGGUCCGUGGCGCGUUCGC 56722 3 hsa-miR-3622a-5p CAGGCACGGGAGCUCAGGUGAG 568 22 3 hsa-miR-3912UAACGCAUAAUAUGGACAUGU 569 21 3 hsa-miR-3934 UCAGGUGUGGAAACUGAGGCAG 57022 3 hsa-miR-3942-3p UUUCAGAUAACAGUAUUACAU 414 21 3 hsa-miR-3942-5pAAGCAAUACUGUUACCUGAAAU 571 22 3 hsa-miR-4523 GACCGAGAGGGCCUCGGCUGU 57221 3 hsa-miR-4640-5p UGGGCCAGGGAGCAGCUGGUGGG 573 23 3 hsa-miR-4671-5pACCGAAGACUGUGCGCUAAUCU 574 22 3 hsa-miR-4709-5p ACAACAGUGACUUGCUCUCCAA575 22 3 hsa-miR-4731-3p CACACAAGUGGCCCCCAACACU 425 22 3 hsa-miR-4731-5pUGCUGGGGGCCACAUGAGUGUG 576 22 3 hsa-miR-4762-5p CCAAAUCUUGAUCAGAAGCCU577 21 3 hsa-miR-5010-5p AGGGGGAUGGCAGAGCAAAAUU 578 22 3 hsa-miR-502-5pAUCCUUGCUAUCUGGGUGCUA 579 21 3 hsa-miR-548d-5p AAAAGUAAUUGUGGUUUUUGCC580 22 3 hsa-miR-548i AAAAGUAAUUGCGGAUUUUGCC 581 22 3 hsa-miR-548jAAAAGUAAUUGCGGUCUUUGGU 582 22 3 hsa-miR-5587-3p GCCCCGGGCAGUGUGAUCAUC284 21 3 hsa-miR-1225-3p UGAGCCCCUGUGCCGCCCCCAG 369 22 2 hsa-miR-1227CGUGCCACCCUUUUCCCCAG 583 20 2 hsa-miR-1252 AGAAGGAAAUUGAAUUCAUUUA 371 222 hsa-miR-1280 UCCCACCGCUGCCACCC 584 17 2 hsa-miR-1288UGGACUGCCCUGAUCUGGAGA 585 21 2 hsa-miR-1303 UUUAGAGACGGGGUCUUGCUCU 58622 2 hsa-miR-1306-3p ACGUUGGCUCUGGUGGUG 376 18 2 hsa-miR-139-5pUCUACAGUGCACGUGUCUCCAG 587 22 2 hsa-miR-149-3p AGGGAGGGACGGGGGCUGUGC 58821 2 hsa-miR-16-1-3p CCAGUAUUAACUGUGCUGCUGA 589 22 2 hsa-miR-1909-5pUGAGUGCCGGUGCCUGCCCUG 590 21 2 hsa-miR-224-5p CAAGUCACUAGUGGUUCCGUU 59121 2 hsa-miR-2276 UCUGCAAGUGUCAGAGGCGAGG 592 22 2 hsa-miR-2355-3pAUUGUCCUUGCUGUUUGGAGAU 468 22 2 hsa-miR-2964a-3p AGAAUUGCGUUUGGACAAUCAGU392 23 2 hsa-miR-29c-5p UGACCGAUUUCUCCUGGUGUUC 594 22 2 hsa-miR-3074-3pGAUAUCAGCUCAGUAGGCACCG 595 22 2 hsa-miR-3120-3p CACAGCAAGUGUAGACAGGCA596 21 2 hsa-miR-3130-5p UACCCAGUCUCCGGUGCAGCC 396 21 2 hsa-miR-3140-3pAGCUUUUGGGAAUUCAGGUAGU 597 22 2 hsa-miR-3155a CCAGGCUCUGCAGUGGGAACU 39821 2 hsa-miR-3163 UAUAAAAUGAGGGCAGUAAGAC 598 22 2 hsa-miR-3167AGGAUUUCAGAAAUACUGGUGU 599 22 2 hsa-miR-363-5p CGGGUGGAUCACGAUGCAAUUU600 22 2 hsa-miR-3676-3p CCGUGUUUCCCCCACGCUUU 408 20 2 hsa-miR-378gACUGGGCUUGGAGUCAGAAG 411 20 2 hsa-miR-4467 UGGCGGCGGUAGUUAUGGGCUU 360 222 hsa-miR-4498 UGGGCUGGCAGGGCAAGUGCUG 601 22 2 hsa-miR-4654UGUGGGAUCUGGAGGCAUCUGG 420 22 2 hsa-miR-4659a-3p UUUCUUCUUAGACAUGGCAACG603 22 2 hsa-miR-4662a-5p UUAGCCAAUUGUCCAUCUUUAG 604 22 2 hsa-miR-4683UGGAGAUCCAGUGCUCGCCCGAU 605 23 2 hsa-miR-4738-3p UGAAACUGGAGCGCCUGGAGGA606 22 2 hsa-miR-4746-3p AGCGGUGCUCCUGCGGGCCGA 607 21 2 hsa-miR-4748GAGGUUUGGGGAGGAUUUGCU 608 21 2 hsa-miR-4792 CGGUGAGCGCUCGCUGGC 363 18 2hsa-miR-491-5p AGUGGGGAACCCUUCCAUGAGG 429 22 2 hsa-miR-5000-3pUCAGGACACUUCUGAACUUGGA 609 22 2 hsa-miR-503 UAGCAGCGGGAACAGUUCUGCAG 61023 2 hsa-miR-5189 UCUGGGCACAGGCGGAUGGACAGG 611 24 2 hsa-miR-548aq-3pCAAAAACUGCAAUUACUUUUGC 612 22 2 hsa-miR-548av-3p AAAACUGCAGUUACUUUUGC613 20 2 hsa-miR-5584-5p CAGGGAAAUGGGAAGAACUAGA 332 22 2 hsa-miR-5690UCAGCUACUACCUCUAUUAGG 435 21 2 hsa-miR-573 CUGAAGUGAUGUGUAACUGAUCAG 30524 2 hsa-miR-597 UGUGUCACUCGAUGACCACUGU 614 22 2 hsa-miR-622ACAGUCUGCUGAGGUUGGAGC 615 21 2 hsa-miR-636 UGUGCUUGCUCGUCCCGCCCGCA 61623 2 hsa-miR-1193 GGGAUGGUAGACCGGUGACGUGC 617 23 1 hsa-miR-1224-3pCCCCACCUCCUCUCUCCUCAG 618 21 1 hsa-miR-122-5p UGGAGUGUGACAAUGGUGUUUG 72022 1 hsa-miR-1228-5p GUGGGCGGGGGCAGGUGUGUG 620 21 1 hsa-miR-1244AAGUAGUUGGUUUGUAUGAGAUGGUU 340 26 1 hsa-miR-1247-5pACCCGUCCCGUUCGUCCCCGGA 621 22 1 hsa-miR-1255b-5p CGGAUGAGCAAAGAAAGUGGUU622 22 1 hsa-miR-1269b CUGGACUGAGCCAUGCUACUGG 623 22 1 hsa-miR-1272GAUGAUGAUGGCAGCAAAUUCUGAAA 624 26 1 hsa-miR-1273c GGCGACAAAACGAGACCCUGUC625 22 1 hsa-miR-1273e UUGCUUGAACCCAGGAAGUGGA 342 22 1 hsa-miR-1282UCGUUUGCCUUUUUCUGCUU 626 20 1 hsa-miR-1290 UGGAUUUUUGGAUCAGGGA 375 19 1hsa-miR-1294 UGUGAGGUUGGCAUUGUUGUCU 627 22 1 hsa-miR-1306-5pCCACCUCCCCUGCAAACGUCCA 628 22 1 hsa-miR-1321 CAGGGAGGUGAAUGUGAU 377 18 1hsa-miR-135a-5p UAUGGCUUUUUAUUCCUAUGUGA 629 23 1 hsa-miR-137UUAUUGCUUAAGAAUACGCGUAG 630 23 1 hsa-miR-142-5p CAUAAAGUAGAAAGCACUACU631 21 1 hsa-miR-143-5p GGUGCAGUGCUGCAUCUCUGGU 632 22 1 hsa-miR-15a-3pCAGGCCAUAUUGUGCUGCCUCA 633 22 1 hsa-miR-186-3p GCCCAAAGGUGAAUUUUUUGGG382 22 1 hsa-miR-192-3p CUGCCAAUUCCAUAGGUCACAG 634 22 1 hsa-miR-19b-1-5pAGUUUUGCAGGUUUGCAUCCAGC 387 23 1 hsa-miR-200a-3p UAACACUGUCUGGUAACGAUGU635 22 1 hsa-miR-204-3p GCUGGGAAGGCAAAGGGACGU 636 21 1 hsa-miR-214-3pACAGCAGGCACAGACAGGCAGU 637 22 1 hsa-miR-29a-5p ACUGAUUUCUUUUGGUGUUCAG393 22 1 hsa-miR-3064-5p UCUGGCUGUUGUGGUGUGCAA 638 21 1 hsa-miR-3116UGCCUGGAACAUAGUAGGGACU 639 22 1 hsa-miR-3125 UAGAGGAAGCUGUGGAGAGA 640 201 hsa-miR-3127-3p UCCCCUUCUGCAGGCCUGCUGG 641 22 1 hsa-miR-3130-3pGCUGCACCGGAGACUGGGUAA 395 21 1 hsa-miR-3140-5p ACCUGAAUUACCAAAAGCUUU 39721 1 hsa-miR-3157-5p UUCAGCCAGGCUAGUGCAGUCU 642 22 1 hsa-miR-3179AGAAGGGGUGAAAUUUAAACGU 643 22 1 hsa-miR-3181 AUCGGGCCCUCGGCGCCGG 644 191 hsa-miR-3187-5p CCUGGGCAGCGUGUGGCUGAAGG 645 23 1 hsa-miR-3190-5pUCUGGCCAGCUACGUCCCCA 646 20 1 hsa-miR-3198 GUGGAGUCCUGGGGAAUGGAGA 647 221 hsa-miR-320b AAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCAA 648 22 1 hsa-miR-323b-5pAGGUUGUCCGUGGUGAGUUCGCA 401 23 1 hsa-miR-3591-5p UUUAGUGUGAUAAUGGCGUUUGA649 23 1 hsa-miR-3619-5p UCAGCAGGCAGGCUGGUGCAGC 650 22 1 hsa-miR-3659UGAGUGUUGUCUACGAGGGCA 651 21 1 hsa-miR-3674 AUUGUAGAACCUAAGAUUGGCC 65222 1 hsa-miR-3679-3p CUUCCCCCCAGUAAUCUUCAUC 653 22 1 hsa-miR-375UUUGUUCGUUCGGCUCGCGUGA 654 22 1 hsa-miR-378b ACUGGACUUGGAGGCAGAA 655 191 hsa-miR-3908 GAGCAAUGUAGGUAGACUGUUU 656 22 1 hsa-miR-3911UGUGUGGAUCCUGGAGGAGGCA 657 22 1 hsa-miR-3913-5p UUUGGGACUGAUCUUGAUGUCU658 22 1 hsa-miR-3917 GCUCGGACUGAGCAGGUGGG 659 20 1 hsa-miR-3944-3pUUCGGGCUGGCCUGCUGCUCCGG 660 23 1 hsa-miR-429 UAAUACUGUCUGGUAAAACCGU 66122 1 hsa-miR-4421 ACCUGUCUGUGGAAAGGAGCUA 718 22 1 hsa-miR-4443UUGGAGGCGUGGGUUUU 663 17 1 hsa-miR-4459 CCAGGAGGCGGAGGAGGUGGAG 664 22 1hsa-miR-4473 CUAGUGCUCUCCGUUACAAGUA 665 22 1 hsa-miR-4479CGCGCGGCCGUGCUCGGAGCAG 666 22 1 hsa-miR-4497 CUCCGGGACGGCUGGGC 232 17 1hsa-miR-4504 UGUGACAAUAGAGAUGAACAUG 667 22 1 hsa-miR-4520b-3pUUUGGACAGAAAACACGCAGGU 668 22 1 hsa-miR-452-5p AACUGUUUGCAGAGGAAACUGA669 22 1 hsa-miR-4636 AACUCGUGUUCAAAGCCUUUAG 670 22 1 hsa-miR-4659b-3pUUUCUUCUUAGACAUGGCAGCU 671 22 1 hsa-miR-4664-3p CUUCCGGUCUGUGAGCCCCGUC672 22 1 hsa-miR-4665-5p CUGGGGGACGCGUGAGCGCGAGC 673 23 1hsa-miR-4666a-5p AUACAUGUCAGAUUGUAUGCC 674 21 1 hsa-miR-4673UCCAGGCAGGAGCCGGACUGGA 422 22 1 hsa-miR-4681 AACGGGAAUGCAGGCUGUAUCU 67522 1 hsa-miR-4682 UCUGAGUUCCUGGAGCCUGGUCU 676 23 1 hsa-miR-4690-5pGAGCAGGCGAGGCUGGGCUGAA 677 22 1 hsa-miR-4699-5p AGAAGAUUGCAGAGUAAGUUCC678 22 1 hsa-miR-4700-3p CACAGGACUGACUCCUCACCCCAGUG 424 26 1hsa-miR-4706 AGCGGGGAGGAAGUGGGCGCUGCUU 679 25 1 hsa-miR-4721UGAGGGCUCCAGGUGACGGUGG 680 22 1 hsa-miR-4728-3pCAUGCUGACCUCCCUCCUGCCCCAG 681 25 1 hsa-miR-4742-5pUCAGGCAAAGGGAUAUUUACAGA 682 23 1 hsa-miR-4747-3p AAGGCCCGGGCUUUCCUCCCAG683 22 1 hsa-miR-4749-5p UGCGGGGACAGGCCAGGGCAUC 684 22 1 hsa-miR-4755-3pAGCCAGGCUCUGAAGGGAAAGU 685 22 1 hsa-miR-4763-5p CGCCUGCCCAGCCCUCCUGCU686 21 1 hsa-miR-4766-3p AUAGCAAUUGCUCUUUUGGAA 687 21 1 hsa-miR-4781-3pAAUGUUGGAAUCCUCGCUAGAG 688 22 1 hsa-miR-4793-3p UCUGCACUGUGAGUUGGCUGGCU689 23 1 hsa-miR-488-3p UUGAAAGGCUAUUUCUUGGUC 690 21 1 hsa-miR-4999-5pUGCUGUAUUGUCAGGUAGUGA 691 21 1 hsa-miR-5001-5p AGGGCUGGACUCAGCGGCGGAGCU692 24 1 hsa-miR-5002-5p AAUUUGGUUUCUGAGGCACUUAGU 693 24 1hsa-miR-5004-5p UGAGGACAGGGCAAAUUCACGA 694 22 1 hsa-miR-5006-3pUUUCCCUUUCCAUCCUGGCAG 695 21 1 hsa-miR-5088 CAGGGCUCAGGGAUUGGAUGGAG 69623 1 hsa-miR-544a AUUCUGCAUUUUUAGCAAGUUC 697 22 1 hsa-miR-548alAACGGCAAUGACUUUUGUACCA 698 22 1 hsa-miR-548aq-5p GAAAGUAAUUGCUGUUUUUGCC699 22 1 hsa-miR-548at-5p AAAAGUUAUUGCGGUUUUGGCU 700 22 1hsa-miR-548au-5p AAAAGUAAUUGCGGUUUUUGC 701 21 1 hsa-miR-548b-3pCAAGAACCUCAGUUGCUUUUGU 702 22 1 hsa-miR-556-3p AUAUUACCAUUAGCUCAUCUUU703 22 1 hsa-miR-5582-3p UAAAACUUUAAGUGUGCCUAGG 704 22 1 hsa-miR-5586-3pCAGAGUGACAAGCUGGUUAAAG 705 22 1 hsa-miR-5588-5p ACUGGCAUUAGUGGGACUUUU706 21 1 hsa-miR-5683 UACAGAUGCAGAUUCUCUGACUUC 707 24 1 hsa-miR-5696CUCAUUUAAGUAGUCUGAUGCC 708 22 1 hsa-miR-5701 UUAUUGUCACGUUCUGAUU 709 191 hsa-miR-5706 UUCUGGAUAACAUGCUGAAGCU 710 22 1 hsa-miR-592UUGUGUCAAUAUGCGAUGAUGU 711 22 1 hsa-miR-603 CACACACUGCAAUUACUUUUGC 71222 1 hsa-miR-624-3p CACAAGGUAUUGGUAUUACCU 713 21 1 hsa-miR-885-5pUCCAUUACACUACCCUGCCUCU 714 22 1 hsa-miR-933 UGUGCGCAGGGAGACCUCUCCC 71522 1

TABLE 6 Microvesicles EI MICROVESICLES CTX0E0307EI SEQ ID MIRNA READMIRNA MIRNA.SEQUENCE NO: LENGTH COUNTS hsa-miR-1246 AAUGGAUUUUUGGAGCAGG21 19 32723 hsa-miR-4492 GGGGCUGGGCGCGCGCC 34 17 16225 hsa-miR-4488AGGGGGCGGGCUCCGGCG 61 18 12878 hsa-miR-4532 CCCCGGGGAGCCCGGCG 23 17 6746hsa-miR-4508 GCGGGGCUGGGCGCGCG 135 17 531 hsa-miR-4516 GGGAGAAGGGUCGGGGC110 17 500 hsa-miR-3676-5p AGGAGAUCCUGGGUU 280 15 357 hsa-miR-4485UAACGGCCGCGGUACCCUAA 67 20 44 hsa-miR-4497 CUCCGGGACGGCUGGGC 232 17 43hsa-miR-21-5p UAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGA 9 22 33 hsa-miR-3195CGCGCCGGGCCCGGGUU 716 17 28 hsa-miR-3648 AGCCGCGGGGAUCGCCGAGGG 259 21 26hsa-miR-663b GGUGGCCCGGCCGUGCCUGAGG 180 22 24 hsa-miR-3656GGCGGGUGCGGGGGUGG 251 17 19 hsa-miR-3687 CCCGGACAGGCGUUCGUGCGACGU 190 2419 hsa-miR-4466 GGGUGCGGGCCGGCGGGG 264 18 19 hsa-miR-4792CGGUGAGCGCUCGCUGGC 363 18 19 hsa-miR-99b-5p CACCCGUAGAACCGACCUUGCG 4 2218 hsa-let-7a-5p UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUAGUU 1 22 15 hsa-miR-1290UGGAUUUUUGGAUCAGGGA 375 19 7 hsa-miR-1291 UGGCCCUGACUGAAGACCAGCAGU 29424 7 hsa-miR-182-5p UUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACACU 16 24 7 hsa-miR-5096GUUUCACCAUGUUGGUCAGGC 220 21 7 hsa-miR-1273f GGAGAUGGAGGUUGCAGUG 292 195 hsa-miR-26a-5p UUCAAGUAAUCCAGGAUAGGCU 12 22 5 hsa-miR-4284GGGCUCACAUCACCCCAU 191 18 5 hsa-miR-92b-3p UAUUGCACUCGUCCCGGCCUCC 13 225 hsa-let-7b-5p UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUGUGGUU 28 22 4 hsa-let-7cUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUU 17 22 4 hsa-let-7f-5p UGAGGUAGUAGAUUGUAUAGUU 1122 4 hsa-miR-100-5p AACCCGUAGAUCCGAACUUGUG 3 22 4 hsa-miR-1248ACCUUCUUGUAUAAGCACUGUGCUAAA 269 27 4 hsa-miR-1973 ACCGUGCAAAGGUAGCAUA171 19 4 hsa-miR-21-3p CAACACCAGUCGAUGGGCUGU 20 21 4 hsa-miR-3654GACUGGACAAGCUGAGGAA 325 19 4 hsa-miR-92a-3p UAUUGCACUUGUCCCGGCCUGU 7 224 hsa-miR-1273g-3p ACCACUGCACUCCAGCCUGAG 210 21 3 hsa-miR-23b-3pAUCACAUUGCCAGGGAUUACC 59 21 3 hsa-miR-3609 CAAAGUGAUGAGUAAUACUGGCUG 21624 3 hsa-miR-3615 UCUCUCGGCUCCUCGCGGCUC 323 21 3 hsa-miR-3653CUAAGAAGUUGACUGAAG 544 18 3 hsa-miR-3960 GGCGGCGGCGGAGGCGGGGG 416 20 3hsa-miR-4448 GGCUCCUUGGUCUAGGGGUA 231 20 3 hsa-let-7d-5pAGAGGUAGUAGGUUGCAUAGUU 92 22 2 hsa-miR-16-5p UAGCAGCACGUAAAUAUUGGCG 2922 2 hsa-miR-181a-5p AACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGU 15 23 2 hsa-miR-181b-5pAACAUUCAUUGCUGUCGGUGGGU 38 23 2 hsa-miR-222-3p AGCUACAUCUGGCUACUGGGU 3621 2 hsa-miR-24-3p UGGCUCAGUUCAGCAGGAACAG 119 22 2 hsa-miR-3196CGGGGCGGCAGGGGCCUC 717 18 2 hsa-miR-4419b GAGGCUGAAGGAAGAUGG 718 18 2hsa-miR-4461 GAUUGAGACUAGUAGGGCUAGGC 129 23 2 hsa-miR-4486GCUGGGCGAGGCUGGCA 719 17 2 hsa-miR-663a AGGCGGGGCGCCGCGGGACCGC 365 22 2hsa-miR-9-5p UCUUUGGUUAUCUAGCUGUAUGA 58 23 2 hsa-let-7i-3pCUGCGCAAGCUACUGCCUUGCU 483 22 1 hsa-let-7i-5p UGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUGCUGUU 2222 1 hsa-miR-1225-5p GUGGGUACGGCCCAGUGGGGGG 720 22 1 hsa-miR-1244AAGUAGUUGGUUUGUAUGAGAUGGUU 340 26 1 hsa-miR-125b-5pUCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGA 42 22 1 hsa-miR-1275 GUGGGGGAGAGGCUGUC 162 17 1hsa-miR-1280 UCCCACCGCUGCCACCC 584 17 1 hsa-miR-134UGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGG 94 22 1 hsa-miR-149-5p UCUGGCUCCGUGUCUUCACUCCC121 23 1 hsa-miR-191-5p CAACGGAAUCCCAAAAGCAGCUG 8 23 1 hsa-miR-221-3pAGCUACAUUGUCUGCUGGGUUUC 79 23 1 hsa-miR-22-3p AAGCUGCCAGUUGAAGAACUGU 3322 1 hsa-miR-26b-5p UUCAAGUAAUUCAGGAUAGGU 90 21 1 hsa-miR-30c-5pUGUAAACAUCCUACACUCUCAGC 66 23 1 hsa-miR-30d-5p UGUAAACAUCCCCGACUGGAAG 3122 1 hsa-miR-3182 GCUUCUGUAGUGUAGUC 721 17 1 hsa-miR-320aAAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCGA 97 22 1 hsa-miR-34a-5p UGGCAGUGUCUUAGCUGGUUGU 10122 1 hsa-miR-3607-3p ACUGUAAACGCUUUCUGAUG 543 20 1 hsa-miR-361-5pUUAUCAGAAUCUCCAGGGGUAC 70 22 1 hsa-miR-3652 CGGCUGGAGGUGUGAGGA 722 18 1hsa-miR-409-3p GAAUGUUGCUCGGUGAACCCCU 47 22 1 hsa-miR-423-3pAGCUCGGUCUGAGGCCCCUCAGU 57 23 1 hsa-miR-423-5p UGAGGGGCAGAGAGCGAGACUUU41 23 1 hsa-miR-432-5p UCUUGGAGUAGGUCAUUGGGUGG 95 23 1 hsa-miR-4417GGUGGGCUUCCCGGAGGG 175 18 1 hsa-miR-4426 GAAGAUGGACGUACUUU 359 17 1hsa-miR-4449 CGUCCCGGGGCUGCGCGAGGCA 155 22 1 hsa-miR-4800-3pCAUCCGUCCGUCUGUCCAC 549 19 1 hsa-miR-484 UCAGGCUCAGUCCCCUCCCGAU 118 22 1hsa-miR-486-5p UCCUGUACUGAGCUGCCCCGAG 5 22 1 hsa-miR-493-3pUGAAGGUCUACUGUGUGCCAGG 83 22 1 hsa-miR-5095 UUACAGGCGUGAACCACCGCG 723 211 hsa-miR-556-3p AUAUUACCAUUAGCUCAUCUUU 703 22 1 hsa-miR-644b-5pUGGGCUAAGGGAGAUGAUUGGGUA 724 24 1 hsa-miR-664-5pACUGGCUAGGGAAAAUGAUUGGAU 443 24 1 hsa-miR-760 CGGCUCUGGGUCUGUGGGGA 28920 1 hsa-miR-941 CACCCGGCUGUGUGCACAUGUGC 60 23 1 hsa-miR-98UGAGGUAGUAAGUUGUAUUGUU 10 22 1 hsa-miR-99a-5p AACCCGUAGAUCCGAUCUUGUG 5222 1

TABLE 7 Exosomes EI EXOSOMES CTX0E03 07EI SEQ ID MIRNA READ MIRNAMIRNA.SEQUENCE NO: LENGTH COUNTS hsa-miR-1246 AAUGGAUUUUUGGAGCAGG 21 1983958 hsa-miR-4492 GGGGCUGGGCGCGCGCC 34 17 22482 hsa-miR-4488AGGGGGCGGGCUCCGGCG 61 18 20618 hsa-miR-4532 CCCCGGGGAGCCCGGCG 23 17 6419hsa-miR-4516 GGGAGAAGGGUCGGGGC 110 17 904 hsa-miR-4508 GCGGGGCUGGGCGCGCG135 17 723 hsa-miR-3676-5p AGGAGAUCCUGGGUU 280 15 174 hsa-miR-4485UAACGGCCGCGGUACCCUAA 67 20 43 hsa-miR-21-5p UAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGA 9 2241 hsa-miR-4497 CUCCGGGACGGCUGGGC 232 17 28 hsa-miR-663bGGUGGCCCGGCCGUGCCUGAGG 180 22 26 hsa-miR-4792 CGGUGAGCGCUCGCUGGC 363 1824 hsa-miR-4454 GGAUCCGAGUCACGGCACCA 299 20 22 hsa-miR-1291UGGCCCUGACUGAAGACCAGCAGU 294 24 17 hsa-miR-26a-5p UUCAAGUAAUCCAGGAUAGGCU12 22 17 hsa-miR-3195 CGCGCCGGGCCCGGGUU 716 17 17 hsa-let-7a-5pUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUAGUU 1 22 15 hsa-miR-182-5p UUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACACU16 24 15 hsa-miR-99b-5p CACCCGUAGAACCGACCUUGCG 4 22 15 hsa-miR-5096GUUUCACCAUGUUGGUCAGGC 220 21 14 hsa-miR-3648 AGCCGCGGGGAUCGCCGAGGG 25921 13 hsa-miR-3654 GACUGGACAAGCUGAGGAA 325 19 13 hsa-miR-4466GGGUGCGGGCCGGCGGGG 264 18 12 hsa-miR-3687 CCCGGACAGGCGUUCGUGCGACGU 19024 11 hsa-miR-4284 GGGCUCACAUCACCCCAU 191 18 11 hsa-miR-3656GGCGGGUGCGGGGGUGG 251 17 10 hsa-miR-3609 CAAAGUGAUGAGUAAUACUGGCUG 216 248 hsa-miR-644b-5p UGGGCUAAGGGAGAUGAUUGGGUA 724 24 8 hsa-miR-664-5pACUGGCUAGGGAAAAUGAUUGGAU 443 24 8 hsa-miR-92a-3p UAUUGCACUUGUCCCGGCCUGU7 22 7 hsa-miR-92b-3p UAUUGCACUCGUCCCGGCCUCC 13 22 7 hsa-let-7b-5pUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUGUGGUU 28 22 6 hsa-let-7f-5p UGAGGUAGUAGAUUGUAUAGUU 1122 6 hsa-miR-127-3p UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGCU 14 22 6 hsa-miR-1290UGGAUUUUUGGAUCAGGGA 375 19 6 hsa-miR-4449 CGUCCCGGGGCUGCGCGAGGCA 155 226 hsa-miR-4461 GAUUGAGACUAGUAGGGCUAGGC 129 23 6 hsa-miR-100-5pAACCCGUAGAUCCGAACUUGUG 3 22 5 hsa-miR-1248 ACCUUCUUGUAUAAGCACUGUGCUAAA269 27 5 hsa-miR-1973 ACCGUGCAAAGGUAGCAUA 171 19 5 hsa-miR-3653CUAAGAAGUUGACUGAAG 544 18 5 hsa-miR-4417 GGUGGGCUUCCCGGAGGG 175 18 5hsa-miR-125b-5p UCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGA 42 22 4 hsa-miR-151a-3pCUAGACUGAAGCUCCUUGAGG 25 21 4 hsa-miR-16-5p UAGCAGCACGUAAAUAUUGGCG 29 224 hsa-miR-21-3p CAACACCAGUCGAUGGGCUGU 20 21 4 hsa-miR-23a-3pAUCACAUUGCCAGGGAUUUCC 55 21 4 hsa-miR-4419b GAGGCUGAAGGAAGAUGG 718 18 4hsa-miR-1273f GGAGAUGGAGGUUGCAGUG 292 19 3 hsa-miR-1273g-3pACCACUGCACUCCAGCCUGAG 210 21 3 hsa-miR-181b-5p AACAUUCAUUGCUGUCGGUGGGU38 23 3 hsa-miR-221-3p AGCUACAUUGUCUGCUGGGUUUC 79 23 3 hsa-miR-3615UCUCUCGGCUCCUCGCGGCUC 323 21 3 hsa-miR-9-5p UCUUUGGUUAUCUAGCUGUAUGA 5823 3 hsa-let-7c UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUU 17 22 2 hsa-let-7e-5pUGAGGUAGGAGGUUGUAUAGUU 27 22 2 hsa-let-7i-5p UGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUGCUGUU 2222 2 hsa-miR-103a-3p AGCAGCAUUGUACAGGGCUAUGA 62 23 2 hsa-miR-106b-5pUAAAGUGCUGACAGUGCAGAU 170 21 2 hsa-miR-1273e UUGCUUGAACCCAGGAAGUGGA 34222 2 hsa-miR-221-5p ACCUGGCAUACAAUGUAGAUUU 39 22 2 hsa-miR-222-3pAGCUACAUCUGGCUACUGGGU 36 21 2 hsa-miR-30d-5p UGUAAACAUCCCCGACUGGAAG 3122 2 hsa-miR-3960 GGCGGCGGCGGAGGCGGGGG 416 20 2 hsa-let-7d-3pCUAUACGACCUGCUGCCUUUCU 92 22 1 hsa-let-7d-5p AGAGGUAGUAGGUUGCAUAGUU 5322 1 hsa-let-7g-5p UGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUACAGUU 43 22 1 hsa-let-7i-3pCUGCGCAAGCUACUGCCUUGCU 483 22 1 hsa-miR-10a-5p UACCCUGUAGAUCCGAAUUUGUG 223 1 hsa-miR-1181 CCGUCGCCGCCACCCGAGCCG 725 21 1 hsa-miR-1225-3pUGAGCCCCUGUGCCGCCCCCAG 369 22 1 hsa-miR-1244 AAGUAGUUGGUUUGUAUGAGAUGGUU340 26 1 hsa-miR-125a-5p UCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUGA 35 24 1 hsa-miR-1296UUAGGGCCCUGGCUCCAUCUCC 271 22 1 hsa-miR-1307-5p UCGACCGGACCUCGACCGGCU 9121 1 hsa-miR-146b-5p UGAGAACUGAAUUCCAUAGGCU 19 22 1 hsa-miR-149-5pUCUGGCUCCGUGUCUUCACUCCC 121 23 1 hsa-miR-151a-5p UCGAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAGU37 21 1 hsa-miR-15b-5p UAGCAGCACAUCAUGGUUUACA 78 22 1 hsa-miR-181a-2-3pACCACUGACCGUUGACUGUACC 102 22 1 hsa-miR-181a-5p AACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGU15 23 1 hsa-miR-191-5p CAACGGAAUCCCAAAAGCAGCUG 8 23 1 hsa-miR-198GGUCCAGAGGGGAGAUAGGUUC 726 22 1 hsa-miR-204-5p UUCCCUUUGUCAUCCUAUGCCU 8922 1 hsa-miR-20a-5p UAAAGUGCUUAUAGUGCAGGUAG 146 23 1 hsa-miR-219-5pUGAUUGUCCAAACGCAAUUCU 527 21 1 hsa-miR-22-3p AAGCUGCCAGUUGAAGAACUGU 3322 1 hsa-miR-23b-3p AUCACAUUGCCAGGGAUUACC 59 21 1 hsa-miR-26b-3pCCUGUUCUCCAUUACUUGGCUC 391 22 1 hsa-miR-299-5p UGGUUUACCGUCCCACAUACAU319 22 1 hsa-miR-29a-3p UAGCACCAUCUGAAAUCGGUUA 106 22 1 hsa-miR-30e-3pCUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUACAGC 71 22 1 hsa-miR-31-3p UGCUAUGCCAACAUAUUGCCAU 17222 1 hsa-miR-3198 GUGGAGUCCUGGGGAAUGGAGA 647 22 1 hsa-miR-323a-3pCACAUUACACGGUCGACCUCU 158 21 1 hsa-miR-342-3p UCUCACACAGAAAUCGCACCCGU 8123 1 hsa-miR-3607-3p ACUGUAAACGCUUUCUGAUG 543 20 1 hsa-miR-3651CAUAGCCCGGUCGCUGGUACAUGA 727 24 1 hsa-miR-378a-3p ACUGGACUUGGAGUCAGAAGG65 21 1 hsa-miR-379-5p UGGUAGACUAUGGAACGUAGG 18 21 1 hsa-miR-423-3pAGCUCGGUCUGAGGCCCCUCAGU 57 23 1 hsa-miR-423-5p UGAGGGGCAGAGAGCGAGACUUU41 23 1 hsa-miR-425-5p AAUGACACGAUCACUCCCGUUGA 111 23 1 hsa-miR-4258CCCCGCCACCGCCUUGG 728 17 1 hsa-miR-4426 GAAGAUGGACGUACUUU 359 17 1hsa-miR-4443 UUGGAGGCGUGGGUUUU 663 17 1 hsa-miR-4448GGCUCCUUGGUCUAGGGGUA 231 20 1 hsa-miR-4697-3p UGUCAGUGACUCCUGCCCCUUGGU729 24 1 hsa-miR-4700-3p CACAGGACUGACUCCUCACCCCAGUG 424 26 1hsa-miR-4700-5p UCUGGGGAUGAGGACAGUGUGU 730 22 1 hsa-miR-4797-3pUCUCAGUAAGUGGCACUCUGU 731 21 1 hsa-miR-484 UCAGGCUCAGUCCCCUCCCGAU 118 221 hsa-miR-486-5p UCCUGUACUGAGCUGCCCCGAG 5 22 1 hsa-miR-494UGAAACAUACACGGGAAACCUC 240 22 1 hsa-miR-500a-5p UAAUCCUUGCUACCUGGGUGAGA303 23 1 hsa-miR-644b-3p UUCAUUUGCCUCCCAGCCUACA 442 22 1 hsa-miR-663aAGGCGGGGCGCCGCGGGACCGC 365 22 1

TABLE 8 Microvesicles EH MICROVESICLES CTX0E03 07EH SEQ ID MIRNA READMIRNA MIRNA.SEQUENCE NO: LENGTH COUNTS hsa-miR-1246 AAUGGAUUUUUGGAGCAGG21 19 78791 hsa-miR-4492 GGGGCUGGGCGCGCGCC 34 17 6012 hsa-miR-4532CCCCGGGGAGCCCGGCG 23 17 3410 hsa-miR-4488 AGGGGGCGGGCUCCGGCG 61 18 1737hsa-miR-4485 UAACGGCCGCGGUACCCUAA 67 20 319 hsa-miR-4508GCGGGGCUGGGCGCGCG 135 17 221 hsa-miR-4516 GGGAGAAGGGUCGGGGC 110 17 114hsa-miR-4466 GGGUGCGGGCCGGCGGGG 264 18 61 hsa-miR-4497 CUCCGGGACGGCUGGGC232 17 51 hsa-miR-3195 CGCGCCGGGCCCGGGUU 716 17 41 hsa-miR-1973ACCGUGCAAAGGUAGCAUA 171 19 30 hsa-miR-21-5p UAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGA 9 2222 hsa-miR-4284 GGGCUCACAUCACCCCAU 191 18 20 hsa-miR-4792CGGUGAGCGCUCGCUGGC 363 18 12 hsa-miR-92a-3p UAUUGCACUUGUCCCGGCCUGU 7 2212 hsa-miR-1291 UGGCCCUGACUGAAGACCAGCAGU 294 24 11 hsa-miR-3676-5pAGGAGAUCCUGGGUU 280 15 10 hsa-miR-100-5p AACCCGUAGAUCCGAACUUGUG 3 22 8hsa-miR-3656 GGCGGGUGCGGGGGUGG 251 17 8 hsa-miR-663bGGUGGCCCGGCCGUGCCUGAGG 180 22 8 hsa-let-7a-5p UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUAGUU 122 7 hsa-miR-1290 UGGAUUUUUGGAUCAGGGA 375 19 7 hsa-miR-3687CCCGGACAGGCGUUCGUGCGACGU 190 24 7 hsa-miR-4461 GAUUGAGACUAGUAGGGCUAGGC52 23 6 hsa-miR-664-5p ACUGGCUAGGGAAAAUGAUUGGAU 91 24 6 hsa-miR-92b-3pUAUUGCACUCGUCCCGGCCUCC 13 22 6 hsa-miR-125b-5p UCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGA 4222 5 hsa-miR-3653 CUAAGAAGUUGACUGAAG 544 18 5 hsa-let-7f-5pUGAGGUAGUAGAUUGUAUAGUU 11 22 4 hsa-miR-16-5p UAGCAGCACGUAAAUAUUGGCG 2922 4 hsa-miR-181a-5p AACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGU 15 23 4 hsa-miR-3609CAAAGUGAUGAGUAAUACUGGCUG 216 24 4 hsa-miR-9-5p UCUUUGGUUAUCUAGCUGUAUGA58 23 4 hsa-let-7c UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUU 17 22 3 hsa-miR-1244AAGUAGUUGGUUUGUAUGAGAUGGUU 59 26 3 hsa-miR-127-3p UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGCU14 22 3 hsa-miR-181b-5p AACAUUCAUUGCUGUCGGUGGGU 38 23 3 hsa-miR-21-3pCAACACCAGUCGAUGGGCUGU 20 21 3 hsa-miR-26a-5p UUCAAGUAAUCCAGGAUAGGCU 1222 3 hsa-miR-30c-5p UGUAAACAUCCUACACUCUCAGC 66 23 3 hsa-miR-3960GGCGGCGGCGGAGGCGGGGG 416 20 3 hsa-miR-485-3p GUCAUACACGGCUCUCCUCUCU 15322 3 hsa-let-7b-5p UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUGUGGUU 28 22 2 hsa-let-7g-5pUGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUACAGUU 43 22 2 hsa-miR-1273f GGAGAUGGAGGUUGCAGUG 292 192 hsa-miR-151a-3p CUAGACUGAAGCUCCUUGAGG 25 21 2 hsa-miR-182-5pUUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACACU 16 24 2 hsa-miR-191-5p CAACGGAAUCCCAAAAGCAGCUG8 23 2 hsa-miR-197-3p UUCACCACCUUCUCCACCCAGC 122 22 2 hsa-miR-423-5pUGAGGGGCAGAGAGCGAGACUUU 41 23 2 hsa-miR-4468 AGAGCAGAAGGAUGAGAU 732 18 2hsa-miR-644b-5p UGGGCUAAGGGAGAUGAUUGGGUA 724 24 2 hsa-miR-93-5pCAAAGUGCUGUUCGUGCAGGUAG 116 23 2 hsa-let-7d-5p AGAGGUAGUAGGUUGCAUAGUU 9222 1 hsa-miR-1225-3p UGAGCCCCUGUGCCGCCCCCAG 369 22 1 hsa-miR-1254AGCCUGGAAGCUGGAGCCUGCAGU 270 24 1 hsa-miR-1273g-3p ACCACUGCACUCCAGCCUGAG210 21 1 hsa-miR-1275 GUGGGGGAGAGGCUGUC 162 17 1 hsa-miR-1296UUAGGGCCCUGGCUCCAUCUCC 271 22 1 hsa-miR-1307-5p UCGACCGGACCUCGACCGGCU 9121 1 hsa-miR-134 UGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGG 94 22 1 hsa-miR-15b-5pUAGCAGCACAUCAUGGUUUACA 78 22 1 hsa-miR-17-5p CAAAGUGCUUACAGUGCAGGUAG 14523 1 hsa-miR-1972 UCAGGCCAGGCACAGUGGCUCA 733 22 1 hsa-miR-22-3pAAGCUGCCAGUUGAAGAACUGU 33 22 1 hsa-miR-25-3p CAUUGCACUUGUCUCGGUCUGA 6322 1 hsa-miR-27b-3p UUCACAGUGGCUAAGUUCUGC 6 21 1 hsa-miR-3065-5pUCAACAAAAUCACUGAUGCUGGA 226 23 1 hsa-miR-30d-5p UGUAAACAUCCCCGACUGGAAG31 22 1 hsa-miR-320a AAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCGA 97 22 1 hsa-miR-342-3pUCUCACACAGAAAUCGCACCCGU 81 23 1 hsa-miR-3648 AGCCGCGGGGAUCGCCGAGGG 25921 1 hsa-miR-3652 CGGCUGGAGGUGUGAGGA 722 18 1 hsa-miR-376cAACAUAGAGGAAAUUCCACGU 185 21 1 hsa-miR-378a-3p ACUGGACUUGGAGUCAGAAGG 6521 1 hsa-miR-409-3p GAAUGUUGCUCGGUGAACCCCU 47 22 1 hsa-miR-433AUCAUGAUGGGCUCCUCGGUGU 174 22 1 hsa-miR-4417 GGUGGGCUUCCCGGAGGG 175 18 1hsa-miR-4448 GGCUCCUUGGUCUAGGGGUA 231 20 1 hsa-miR-4454GGAUCCGAGUCACGGCACCA 299 20 1 hsa-miR-454-3p UAGUGCAAUAUUGCUUAUAGGGU 16923 1 hsa-miR-4800-3p CAUCCGUCCGUCUGUCCAC 549 19 1 hsa-miR-493-3pUGAAGGUCUACUGUGUGCCAGG 83 22 1 hsa-miR-5095 UUACAGGCGUGAACCACCGCG 723 211 hsa-miR-574-3p CACGCUCAUGCACACACCCACA 253 22 1 hsa-miR-665ACCAGGAGGCUGAGGCCCCU 309 20 1 hsa-miR-720 UCUCGCUGGGGCCUCCA 84 17 1hsa-miR-99a-5p AACCCGUAGAUCCGAUCUUGUG 52 22 1 hsa-miR-99b-5pCACCCGUAGAACCGACCUUGCG 4 22 1

TABLE 9 Exosomes EH EXOSOMES CTX0E03 07EH SEQ ID MIRNA READ MIRNAMIRNA.SEQUENCE NO: LENGTH COUNTS hsa-miR-1246 AAUGGAUUUUUGGAGCAGG 21 19111092 hsa-miR-4492 GGGGCUGGGCGCGCGCC 34 17 5188 hsa-miR-4532CCCCGGGGAGCCCGGCG 23 17 3368 hsa-miR-4488 AGGGGGCGGGCUCCGGCG 61 18 1389hsa-miR-4485 UAACGGCCGCGGUACCCUAA 67 20 386 hsa-miR-4508GCGGGGCUGGGCGCGCG 135 17 188 hsa-miR-4516 GGGAGAAGGGUCGGGGC 110 17 135hsa-miR-4497 CUCCGGGACGGCUGGGC 232 17 73 hsa-miR-1973ACCGUGCAAAGGUAGCAUA 171 19 50 hsa-miR-3195 CGCGCCGGGCCCGGGUU 716 17 48hsa-miR-4466 GGGUGCGGGCCGGCGGGG 264 18 43 hsa-let-7a-5pUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUAGUU 1 22 20 hsa-miR-99b-5p CACCCGUAGAACCGACCUUGCG 422 19 hsa-miR-21-5p UAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGA 9 22 18 hsa-miR-92a-3pUAUUGCACUUGUCCCGGCCUGU 7 22 18 hsa-miR-3676-5p AGGAGAUCCUGGGUU 280 15 17hsa-miR-4792 CGGUGAGCGCUCGCUGGC 363 18 15 hsa-miR-664-5pACUGGCUAGGGAAAAUGAUUGGAU 443 24 13 hsa-miR-100-5p AACCCGUAGAUCCGAACUUGUG3 22 11 hsa-miR-1291 UGGCCCUGACUGAAGACCAGCAGU 294 24 10 hsa-miR-16-5pUAGCAGCACGUAAAUAUUGGCG 29 22 10 hsa-miR-4284 GGGCUCACAUCACCCCAU 191 1810 hsa-miR-663b GGUGGCCCGGCCGUGCCUGAGG 180 22 9 hsa-miR-25-3pCAUUGCACUUGUCUCGGUCUGA 63 22 8 hsa-miR-3656 GGCGGGUGCGGGGGUGG 251 17 8hsa-miR-181a-5p AACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGU 15 23 7 hsa-miR-26a-5pUUCAAGUAAUCCAGGAUAGGCU 12 22 6 hsa-miR-3654 GACUGGACAAGCUGAGGAA 325 19 6hsa-miR-644b-5p UGGGCUAAGGGAGAUGAUUGGGUA 724 24 6 hsa-let-7b-5pUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUGUGGUU 28 22 5 hsa-let-7f-5p UGAGGUAGUAGAUUGUAUAGUU 1122 5 hsa-miR-1290 UGGAUUUUUGGAUCAGGGA 375 19 5 hsa-miR-4426GAAGAUGGACGUACUUU 359 17 5 hsa-miR-5096 GUUUCACCAUGUUGGUCAGGC 220 21 5hsa-miR-125b-5p UCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGA 42 22 4 hsa-miR-1273fGGAGAUGGAGGUUGCAGUG 292 19 4 hsa-miR-191-5p CAACGGAAUCCCAAAAGCAGCUG 8 234 hsa-miR-22-3p AAGCUGCCAGUUGAAGAACUGU 33 22 4 hsa-miR-3609CAAAGUGAUGAGUAAUACUGGCUG 216 24 4 hsa-miR-3687 CCCGGACAGGCGUUCGUGCGACGU190 24 4 hsa-miR-93-5p CAAAGUGCUGUUCGUGCAGGUAG 116 23 4 hsa-miR-1248ACCUUCUUGUAUAAGCACUGUGCUAAA 269 27 3 hsa-miR-1273g-3pACCACUGCACUCCAGCCUGAG 210 21 3 hsa-miR-151a-3p CUAGACUGAAGCUCCUUGAGG 2521 3 hsa-miR-182-5p UUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACACU 16 24 3 hsa-miR-221-3pAGCUACAUUGUCUGCUGGGUUUC 79 23 3 hsa-miR-222-3p AGCUACAUCUGGCUACUGGGU 3621 3 hsa-miR-29a-3p UAGCACCAUCUGAAAUCGGUUA 106 22 3 hsa-miR-4461GAUUGAGACUAGUAGGGCUAGGC 129 23 3 hsa-miR-486-5p UCCUGUACUGAGCUGCCCCGAG 522 3 hsa-miR-92b-3p UAUUGCACUCGUCCCGGCCUCC 13 22 3 hsa-miR-9-5pUCUUUGGUUAUCUAGCUGUAUGA 58 23 3 hsa-miR-98 UGAGGUAGUAAGUUGUAUUGUU 10 223 hsa-let-7d-5p AGAGGUAGUAGGUUGCAUAGUU 53 22 2 hsa-miR-134UGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGG 94 22 2 hsa-miR-151a-5p UCGAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAGU 3721 2 hsa-miR-15b-5p UAGCAGCACAUCAUGGUUUACA 78 22 2 hsa-miR-30a-5pUGUAAACAUCCUCGACUGGAAG 30 22 2 hsa-miR-3124-3p ACUUUCCUCACUCCCGUGAAGU734 22 2 hsa-miR-3653 CUAAGAAGUUGACUGAAG 544 18 2 hsa-let-7cUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUU 17 22 1 hsa-let-7d-3p CUAUACGACCUGCUGCCUUUCU 9222 1 hsa-let-7g-5p UGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUACAGUU 43 22 1 hsa-let-7i-5pUGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUGCUGUU 22 22 1 hsa-miR-103a-3p AGCAGCAUUGUACAGGGCUAUGA62 23 1 hsa-miR-106b-5p UAAAGUGCUGACAGUGCAGAU 170 21 1 hsa-miR-1244AAGUAGUUGGUUUGUAUGAGAUGGUU 340 26 1 hsa-miR-128 UCACAGUGAACCGGUCUCUUU109 21 1 hsa-miR-1285-3p UCUGGGCAACAAAGUGAGACCU 464 22 1 hsa-miR-1307-3pACUCGGCGUGGCGUCGGUCGUG 124 22 1 hsa-miR-140-3p UACCACAGGGUAGAACCACGG 13821 1 hsa-miR-148b-3p UCAGUGCAUCACAGAACUUUGU 48 22 1 hsa-miR-181b-5pAACAUUCAUUGCUGUCGGUGGGU 38 23 1 hsa-miR-193a-3p AACUGGCCUACAAAGUCCCAGU386 22 1 hsa-miR-1972 UCAGGCCAGGCACAGUGGCUCA 733 22 1 hsa-miR-21-3pCAACACCAGUCGAUGGGCUGU 20 21 1 hsa-miR-2277-3p UGACAGCGCCCUGCCUGGCUC 73521 1 hsa-miR-23a-3p AUCACAUUGCCAGGGAUUUCC 55 21 1 hsa-miR-23b-3pAUCACAUUGCCAGGGAUUACC 59 21 1 hsa-miR-24-3p UGGCUCAGUUCAGCAGGAACAG 11922 1 hsa-miR-27a-3p UUCACAGUGGCUAAGUUCCGC 46 21 1 hsa-miR-27b-3pUUCACAGUGGCUAAGUUCUGC 6 21 1 hsa-miR-299-3p UAUGUGGGAUGGUAAACCGCUU 18222 1 hsa-miR-30b-5p UGUAAACAUCCUACACUCAGCU 96 22 1 hsa-miR-30c-5pUGUAAACAUCCUACACUCUCAGC 66 23 1 hsa-miR-31-3p UGCUAUGCCAACAUAUUGCCAU 17222 1 hsa-miR-3196 CGGGGCGGCAGGGGCCUC 717 18 1 hsa-miR-3198GUGGAGUCCUGGGGAAUGGAGA 647 22 1 hsa-miR-320a AAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCGA 9722 1 hsa-miR-329 AACACACCUGGUUAACCUCUUU 214 22 1 hsa-miR-339-5pUCCCUGUCCUCCAGGAGCUCACG 402 23 1 hsa-miR-34a-5p UGGCAGUGUCUUAGCUGGUUGU101 22 1 hsa-miR-3607-5p GCAUGUGAUGAAGCAAAUCAGU 249 22 1 hsa-miR-3648AGCCGCGGGGAUCGCCGAGGG 259 21 1 hsa-miR-376c AACAUAGAGGAAAUUCCACGU 185 211 hsa-miR-3960 GGCGGCGGCGGAGGCGGGGG 416 20 1 hsa-miR-411-3pUAUGUAACACGGUCCACUAACC 482 22 1 hsa-miR-423-3p AGCUCGGUCUGAGGCCCCUCAGU57 23 1 hsa-miR-423-5p UGAGGGGCAGAGAGCGAGACUUU 41 23 1 hsa-miR-4417GGUGGGCUUCCCGGAGGG 175 18 1 hsa-miR-4444 CUCGAGUUGGAAGAGGCG 418 18 1hsa-miR-4499 AAGACUGAGAGGAGGGA 736 17 1 hsa-miR-4521GCUAAGGAAGUCCUGUGCUCAG 233 22 1 hsa-miR-4680-5p AGAACUCUUGCAGUCUUAGAUGU737 23 1 hsa-miR-4709-5p ACAACAGUGACUUGCUCUCCAA 575 22 1 hsa-miR-501-3pAAUGCACCCGGGCAAGGAUUCU 26 22 1 hsa-miR-644b-3p UUCAUUUGCCUCCCAGCCUACA442 22 1 hsa-miR-654-3p UAUGUCUGCUGACCAUCACCUU 336 22 1 hsa-miR-9-3pAUAAAGCUAGAUAACCGAAAGU 183 22 1 hsa-miR-940 AAGGCAGGGCCCCCGCUCCCC 366 211 hsa-miR-99a-5p AACCCGUAGAUCCGAUCUUGUG 52 22 1

D) Identification of Top Ranking Coding and Non-Coding RNAs by GENCODEAnalysis Performed in Exosomes, MV and Producer Cells

CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI cells EXO MVcells CTX0E0307EIEXO MV 18741941 12678688 10876797 22116110 16311289835970

Table 10: Total number of sequence reads identified by using GENCODE ineach tested samples

Using GENCODE database analysis of the sequence results, seven putativenovel miRNA sequences were identified in exosomes (EXO), microvesicles(MV) and producer cells, as shown in Table 11. (nb CTX0E03 07E1 MV readsare misrepresented due to the lower amount of starting material—seeTable 10). These data are shown graphically in FIG. 16, which shows thatthese sequences are preferentially shuttled into exosomes andmicrovesicles compared to the cells.

TABLE 11 Identification of putative novel miRNA sequences using GENCODEin exosomes (EXO), microvesicles (MV) and producer cells. CTX0E03 07EIMV reads are misrepresented due to the lower amount of starting material(table 1). The transcript IDs are taken from the Ensembl database(www.ensembl.org). CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EH Gene Symbol Transcript IDLength Type of RNA cells EXO AC079949.1 AC079949.1-201 57 Novel miRNA2629 27006 AP000318.1 AP000318.1-201 64 Novel miRNA 1353 9379 AL161626.1AL161626.1-201 57 Novel miRNA 471 4450 AC004943.1 AC004943.1-201 81Novel miRNA 24 81 AL121897.1 AL121897.1-201 89 Novel miRNA 6 22CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI Gene Symbol TranscriptID MV cells EXO MV AC079949.1 AC079949.1-201 14873 2425 11433 848AP000318.1 AP000318.1-201 11002 7469 2963 419 AL161626.1 AL161626.1-2013712 291 1263 129 AC004943.1 AC004943.1-201 43 23 94 5 AL121897.1AL121897.1-201 14 2 30 3Validation and of Novel miRNAs

AC079949.1-201 (SEQ ID NO:738)

Gene: AC079949.1 ENSG00000239776

>12 dna:chromosome chromosome:GRCh37:12: 127650616:127650672:1GGCCGCGCCCCGTTTCCCAGGACAAAGGGCACTCCGCACCGGACC CTGGTCCCAGCG

For AC079949.1-201 putative mature miRNA, gaccaggguccggugcggagug (SEQ IDNO:745) was identified as the possible 5′ stem mature miRNA usinghttp://mirna.imbb.forth.gr/MatureBayes.html, a tool for finding maturemiRNA within a miRNA precursor sequence using a Naive Bays classifier.Its presence validation was performed using AGGGTCCGGTGCGGAGT (SEQ IDNO:746) primer sequence. This sequence was entered in mirbase(http://www.mirbase.org/) and the following miRNA was found with similarsequence: Bos taurus miR-2887-1 (Accession No. MIMAT0013845).

bta-miR-2887: 9-20 (SEQ ID NO:747)

The presence of this novel miRNA was tested by qRT-PCR on purifiedexosomes retro transcribed miRNA.

The same analysis was performed using the 3′ stem of AC079949, sequenceTGCGGAGTGCCCTTTGTCCT (SEQ ID NO:748), but in this case no similar miRNAwas identified in mirbase.

AP000318.1-201 (SEQ ID NO:739)

Gene: AP000318.1 ENSG00000266007

>21 dna:chromosome chromosome:GRCh37:21: 35677430:35677493:1CCCACTCCCTGGCGCCGCTTGTGGAGGGCCCAAGTCCTTCTGATT GAGGCCCAACCCGTGGAAG

For AP000318.1-201 putative mature miRNA, ggagggcccaaguccuucugau (SEQ IDNO:744) was identified as the possible 5′ stem mature miRNA. Itspresence validation was performed using GGAGGGCCCAAGTCCTTCTGAT (SEQ IDNO:749) primer sequence. Caenorhabditis remanei miR-55 stem-loop wasidentified as similar miRNA. Primer validation was again carried out byqRT-PCR.

-   -   crm-miR-55-5p: 4-17 (SEQ ID NO:750)

AL161626.1-201 (SEQ ID NO:740)

Gene: AL161626.1 ENSG00000241781

>9 dna:chromosome chromosome:GRCh37:9: 79186731:79186787:1CGCCGGGACCGGGGTCCGGGGCGGAGTGCCCTTCCTCCTGGGAAA CGGGGTGCGGC

For AL161626.1-201 putative mature miRNA, ggcggagugcccuucuuccugg (SEQ IDNO:743) was identified as the possible 5′ stem mature miRNA. Itspresence validation was performed using CGGAGTGCCCTTCTTCCT (SEQ IDNO:751) primer sequence. Zea mays miR164c stem-loop and Achypodiumdistachyon miR164f stem-loop were identified as similar miRNA. Primervalidation was again carried out by qRT-PCR.

-   -   zma-miR164c-3p: 4-15 (SEQ ID NO:752)

AC004943.1 (SEQ ID NO:741)

Gene: AC004943.1 ENSG00000265573

>16 dna:chromosome chromosome:GRCh37:16: 72821592:72821672:-1GCTTCACGTCCCCACCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGTGGCAGTGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGTGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCTC

AL121897.1 (SEQ ID NO:742)

Gene: AL121897.1 ENSG00000264308

>20 dna:chromosome chromosome:GRCh37:20: 30865503:30865591:1GCCGCCCCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCCGCTTTCGGCTCGGGCCTCAGGTGAGTCGGAGGGGCCGGGCGCC

Miscellaneous RNA (Misc_RNA), Including Novel Putative

Misc_RNA is short for miscellaneous RNA, a general term for a series ofmiscellaneous small RNA. Miscellaneous transcript feature are notdefined by other RNA keys.

List of top ranking previously known and novel misc_RNAs identifiedusing GENCODE sequence data set:

TABLE 12 Identification of misc_RNA, including putative novel misc_RNA,sequences using GENCODE in exosomes (EXO), microvesicles (MV) andproducer cells. (CTX0E03 07EI MV reads are misrepresented due to thelower amount of starting material - Table 10). The transcript IDs aretaken from the Ensembl database (www.ensembl.org). CTX0E0307EHCTX0E0307EH Gene Symbol Transcript ID Length Type of RNA cells EXO RPPH1RPPH1-201 333 misc RNA 76 2229 RMRP RMRP-201 264 misc RNA 139 1803 RPPH1RPPH1-001 638 misc RNA 182 931 VTRNA1-1 VTRNA1-1-201 99 misc RNA 43 720Y_RNA Y_RNA.321-201 93 Novel misc RN

159 196 Y_RNA Y_RNA.725-201 95 Novel misc RN

1092 18 Y_RNA Y_RNA.125-201 96 Novel misc RN

1079 15 Y_RNA Y_RNA.118-201 99 Novel misc RN

134 12 Y_RNA Y_RNA.394-201 109 Novel misc RN

9 9 Y_RNA Y_RNA.687-201 111 Novel misc RN

36 6 Y_RNA Y_RNA.144-201 102 Novel misc RN

129 5 Y_RNA Y_RNA.337-201 105 Novel misc RN

7 4 Y_RNA Y_RNA.413-201 97 Novel misc RN

136 4 Y_RNA Y_RNA.30-201 103 Novel misc RN

74 3 CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI Gene SymbolTranscript ID MV cells EXO MV RPPH1 RPPH1-201 1785 0 1077 197 RMRPRMRP-201 1443 191 659 87 RPPH1 RPPH1-001 1372 795 2017 157 VTRNA1-1VTRNA1-1-201 52 247 210 9 Y_RNA Y_RNA.321-201 661 960 903 217 Y_RNAY_RNA.725-201 74 1005 39 11 Y_RNA Y_RNA.125-201 58 906 27 12 Y_RNAY_RNA.118-201 9 156 45 7 Y_RNA Y_RNA.394-201 7 33 13 1 Y_RNAY_RNA.687-201 15 103 41 10 Y_RNA Y_RNA.144-201 21 187 84 5 Y_RNAY_RNA.337-201 0 15 4 0 Y_RNA Y_RNA.413-201 8 125 46 3 Y_RNA Y_RNA.30-2013 62 21 2

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

Among the misc_RNA the following sequences were found preferentiallydown or up shuttled in exosomes and MV: RPHI, RMRP, and VTRNA1-1 upshuttled and Y_RNA.725-201, and Y_RNA.125-201 down respectively. RPHI isa ribonuclease P RNA component H1. RMRP gene encodes the RNA componentof mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease, which cleavesmitochondrial RNA at a priming site of mitochondrial DNA replication.This RNA also interacts with the telomerase reverse transcriptasecatalytic subunit to form a distinct ribonucleoprotein complex that hasRNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and produces double-stranded RNAsthat can be processed into small interfering RNA. VTRNA1-1 is vault RNAcomponent 1. Vaults are large cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins and theyare composed of a major vault protein, MVP, 2 minor vault proteins, TEP1and PARP4, and a non-translated RNA component, VTRNA1-1. Y_RNA.725-201,and Y_RNA.125-201 are novel misc_RNAs and their function is not defined.

Metazoa Miscellaneous RNA

The signal recognition particle RNA, also known as 7SL, 6S, ffs, or 4.5SRNA, is the RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP)ribonucleoprotein complex. SRP is a universally conservedribonucleoprotein that directs the traffic of proteins within the celland allows them to be secreted. The SRP RNA, together with one or moreSRP proteins contributes to the binding and release of the signalpeptide. The RNA and protein components of this complex are highlyconserved but do vary between the different kingdoms of life.

List of top ranking Metazoa misc_RNAs identified using GENCODE sequencedata set:

TABLE 13 Identification signal recognition particle RNA (misc_RNA)sequences using GENCODE in exosomes (EXO), microvesicles (MV) andproducer cells. The transcript IDs are taken from the Ensembl database(www.ensembl.org). CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EH Gene Symbol Transcript IDLength Type of RNA cells EXO Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.791-201 288Metazoan signal recogn

679 2324 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.561-201 294 Metazoan signal recogn

634 2006 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.864-201 297 Metazoan signal recogn

252 1884 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.824-201 297 Metazoan signal recogn

438 881 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.72-201 278 Metazoan signal recogn

441 630 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.151-201 307 Metazoan signal recogn

377 464 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.208-201 277 Metazoan signal recogn

382 410 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.501-201 280 Metazoan signal recogn

265 272 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.682-201 298 Metazoan signal recogn

12 52 CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI Gene SymbolTranscript ID MV cells EXO MV Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.791-201 2058 7712698 465 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.561-201 1683 744 2147 432 Metazoa_SRPMetazoa_SRP.864-201 1544 78 170 148 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.824-201 958505 1860 342 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.72-201 631 494 2184 349 Metazoa_SRPMetazoa_SRP.151-201 470 432 1431 265 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.208-201 431422 1104 242 Metazoa_SRP Metazoa_SRP.501-201 266 236 434 44 Metazoa_SRPMetazoa_SRP.682-201 21 10 13 2

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

RRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelleknown as a ribosome and that is exported to the cytoplasm to helptranslate the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein.Eukaryotic ribosome (80S) rRNA components are: large unit (rRNA 5S,5.8S, and 28S) small unit (rRNA 18S). Both rRNA 28S and 5.8S areselectively up-shuttled in exosomes and MV.

List of top ranking rRNA identified using GENCODE sequence data set:

TABLE 14 Identification rRNA sequences using GENCODE in exosomes (EXO),microvesicles (MV) and producer cells. The transcript IDs are taken fromthe Ensembl database (www.ensembl.org). CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EH GeneSymbol Transcript ID Length Type of RNA cells EXO RNA5-8SP6RNA5-8SP6-201 152 rRNA 205008 1148190 RNA28S5 RNA28S5-001 432 rRNA 86111458585 RNA18S5 RNA18S5-001 599 rRNA 74634 52055 RNA5-8SP2 RNA5-8SP2-201152 rRNA 6488 1719 RNA5-8SP5 RNA5-8SP5-201 152 rRNA 2794 7393CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI Gene Symbol TranscriptID MV cells EXO MV RNA5-8SP6 RNA5-8SP6-201 706558 213187 135909 14732RNA28S5 RNA28S5-001 516754 62829 390237 47483 RNA18S5 RNA18S5-001 61639116874 138484 14616 RNA5-8SP2 RNA5-8SP2-201 1540 9231 3112 149 RNA5-8SP5RNA5-8SP5-201 3924 7314 3579 232Small Nucleolar RNA: snoRNA

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of small RNA molecules thatprimarily guides chemical modifications of other RNAs, mainly ribosomalRNAs, transfer RNAs and small nuclear RNAs. There are two main classesof snoRNA, the C/D box snoRNAs which are associated with methylation,and the H/ACA box snoRNAs which are associated with pseudouridylation.List of top ranking snoRNA identified using GENCODE sequence data set:

TABLE 15 Identification of snoRNA sequences using GENCODE in exosomes(EXO), microvesicles (MV) and producer cells. The transcript IDs aretaken from the Ensembl database (www.ensembl.org). CTX0E0307EHCTX0E0307EH Gene Symbol Transcript ID Length Type of RNA cells EXOSNORD3A SNORD3A-201 216 snoRNA 1433 2085 SNORD3C SNORD3C-201 216 snoRNA1169 1702 SNORD29 SNORD29-201 65 snoRNA 28130 1633 SNORD83B SNORD83B-20193 snoRNA 1835 675 SNORD30 SNORD30-201 70 snoRNA 29743 254 CTX0E0307EHCTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI Gene Symbol Transcript ID MV cellsEXO MV SNORD3A SNORD3A-201 1621 906 1732 120 SNORD3C SNORD3C-201 1220639 1176 86 SNORD29 SNORD29-201 1070 36677 1752 45 SNORD83B SNORD83B-201487 638 575 29 SNORD30 SNORD30-201 244 29071 283 24Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA), also commonly referred to asU-RNA, is a class of small RNA molecules that make up the majorspliceosome are named U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6, and participate in severalRNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions. Their primary function is in theprocessing of pre-mRNA (hnRNA) in the nucleus. They have also been shownto aide in the regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNApolymerase II (B2 RNA), and maintaining the telomeres.

List of top ranking snRNA identified using GENCODE sequence data set:

TABLE 16A Identification of snRNA sequences using GENCODE in exosomes(EXO), microvesicles (MV) and producer cells. The transcript IDs aretaken from the Ensembl database (www.ensembl.org). CTX0E0307EHCTX0E0307EH Gene Symbol Transcript ID Length Type of RNA cells EXO U2U2.38-201 191 snRNA 1354 71596 U2 U2.6-201 192 snRNA 834 15561 U1U1.81-201 164 snRNA 584 10901 U1 U1.90-201 167 snRNA 533 9927 U2U2.7-201 191 snRNA 201 9267 CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EICTX0E0307EI Gene Symbol Transcript ID MV cells EXO MV U2 U2.38-201 49223751 35290 1919 U2 U2.6-201 13594 303 8146 272 U1 U1.81-201 7307 91 3197121 U1 U1.90-201 6689 48 2187 84 U2 U2.7-201 3109 288 6736 262LincRNA and Novel lincRNA

Large intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are emerging as keyregulators of diverse cellular processes. Determining the function ofindividual lincRNAs remains a challenge. Long non-coding RNAs (longncRNAs, lncRNA) are non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200nucleotides.

List of top ranking previously known and novel lincRNAs identified usingGENCODE sequence data set:

TABLE 16B Identification of lincRNA and putative novel lincRNA sequencesusing GENCODE in exosomes (EXO), microvesicles (MV) and producer cells.The transcript IDs are taken from the Ensembl database(www.ensembl.org). CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EH Gene Symbol Transcript IDLength Type of RNA cells EXO RP11-108M9.3 RP11-108M9.3-0

1761 Novel lincRNA 244 159 RP11-329L6.1 RP11-329L6.1-001 507 NovellincRNA 19 70 RP11-160E2.6 RP11-160E2.6-00

637 Novel lincRNA 228 67 AC004528.3 AC004528.3-001 107 Novel lincRNA 1658 MALAT1 MALAT1-201 4585 lincRNA 150 308 GAS5 GAS5-007 2743 lincRNA12024 215 CTX0E0307EH CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI Gene SymbolTranscript ID MV cells EXO MV RP11-108M9.3 RP11-108M9.3-0

240 539 324 45 RP11-329L6.1 RP11-329L6.1-001 41 29 84 2 RP11-160E2.6RP11-160E2.6-00

115 489 74 6 AC004528.3 AC004528.3-001 46 14 55 4 MALAT1 MALAT1-201 23426 182 12 GAS5 GAS5-007 120 46501 875 13

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

GAS5 lincRNA is highly expressed in cell producer compared to inexosomes and microvesicles (down shuttled in both exosomes and MV).

mRNA

Coding sequencing mRNA were also identified.

TABLE 17 Identification of mRNA sequences using GENCODE in exosomes(EXO), microvesicles (MV) and producer cells. The transcript IDs aretaken from the Ensembl database (www.ensembl.org). CTX0E0307EHCTX0E0307EH Gene Symbol Transcript ID Length Type of RNA cells EXO EEF2EEF2-201 9407 mRNA 710 578 MTRNR2L8 MTRNR2L8-201 1290 mRNA 1383 548 NESNES-001 8635 mRNA 668 406 VIM VIM-001 8316 mRNA 563 911 CTX0E0307EHCTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI CTX0E0307EI Gene Symbol Transcript ID MV cellsEXO MV EEF2 EEF2-201 449 1155 471 33 MTRNR2L8 MTRNR2L8-201 642 1323 25815 NES NES-001 234 1448 267 20 VIM VIM-001 501 1500 618 36

Example 12 Conclusion

The main scope of the deep sequence analysis was to identify their miRNAcomponents in neural stem cell-derived vesicles (exosomes andmicrovesicles). This analysis identified a new set of known and novelmiRNAs that are preferentially shuttled into both exosomes and MV. Amongthe identified miRNAs already included in mirbase database werehsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4488, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4508, hsa-miR-4516,hsa-miR-4532, and among the novel miRNAs were AC079949.1, AP000318.1,AL161626.1, AC004943.1, AL121897.1. Top ranking shuttled miRNAs,including novel ones were validated by qRT-PCR in exosomes.

The size distribution of shuttle RNA, as shown here, is mostly in therange of 20 to 200 nt and other RNA species are released by cells intothe extracellular space. By deep sequencing and GENCODE sequence setanalysis we found a greater complexity and diversity of non-coding RNAtranscripts. We extended this analysis with detailed evaluation and thisled to the discovery of preferentially up (defined as log 2 fold change2) and down (defined as log 2 fold change ≦−2) shuttle of othernon-coding RNAs in both exosomes and microvesicles. Differentiallyshuttled non coding RNA were found in almost all the non-coding RNAsubtypes, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nucleolar (snoRNA), small nuclearRNA (snRNA), microRNA (miRNA), miscellaneous other RNA (mist RNA, e.g.RMRP, vault RNA, metazoa SRP, and RNY), and large intergenic non-codingRNAs (lincRNAs).

The unequal distribution of the detected RNA species over cellular andshuttle RNA, combined with increasing evidence for their role in generegulation strongly suggest that cells specifically release these RNAsto modify the function of target cells.

Example 13 Proteomic Analysis Methods

Exosomes and microvesicle fractions were prepared from a CTX0E03 cellIntegra culture (week 2), using differential ultracentrifugation.Exosomes and microvesicles were disrupted in modified RIPA buffer (50 mMTris HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 1% SDS, 0.1% Triton X100, 10 mM DTT, 1×Complete protease inhibitor (Roche) and 1× PhosStop phosphataseinhibitor (Roche)) and subjected to manual shearing using a 1 mLtuberculin syringe and 25 gauge needle. Samples were re-quantitated postdisruption using the Qubit fluorometer (Invitrogen). 20 μg of eachsample was loaded onto a 4-12% SDS-PAGE gel (Novex, Invitrogen). The gelwas excised into forty segments per lane and gel slices were processedusing a robot (ProGest, DigiLab) with the following protocol:

-   -   a) wash with 25 mM ammonium bicarbonate followed by        acetonitrile;    -   b) reduce with 10 mM dithiothreitol at 60° C. followed by        alkylation with 50 mM iodoacetamide at room temperature;    -   c) digest with trypsin (Promega) at 37° C. for 4 h;    -   d) quench with formic acid;    -   e) the supernatant was analysed by mass spectrometry directly        without further processing.

Mass Spectrometry

Each gel digest was analysed by nano LC/MS/MS with a Waters NanoAcquityHPLC system interfaced to a ThermoFisher Q Exactive. Peptides wereloaded on a trapping column and eluted over a 75 μm analytical column at350 nL/min; both columns were packed with Jupiter Proteo resin(Phenomenex). The mass spectrometer was operated in data-dependent mode,with MS and MS/MS performed in the Orbitrap at 70,000 FWHM and 17,500FWHM resolution, respectively.

Exosomes

2572 proteins were identified by Mass spectrometry in exosomes purifiedby ultracentrifugation. The exosomes were isolated from the initialstages of an Integra culture (week 2). The gene names and correspondingSWISSPROT accession numbers (in brackets) of all 2572 proteins arelisted in Table 18 (in alphabetical order of gene name) and the 100 mostabundant proteins are listed in Table 19, in order of decreasingabundance. The characteristic exosome markers CD9, CD81 and Alix (alsoknown as PDCD6IP) are present in the most abundant 100 proteins.

TABLE 18 Gene names and SWISSPROT accession numbers of all 2572 proteinsidentified in CTX0E03 exosomes (listed in alphabetical order of genename). A1BG (P04217), A2M (P01023), AACS (Q86V21), AAMP (Q13685), AARS(P49588), AARSD1 (Q9BTE6), AASDHPPT (Q9NRN7), ABCA3 (Q99758), ABCE1(P61221), ABCF1 (Q8NE71), ABCF3 (Q9NUQ8), ABHD10 (Q9NUJ1), ABHD14B(Q96IU4), ABI1 (Q8IZP0), ABR (Q12979), ACAA2 (P42765), ACACA (Q13085),ACADVL (P49748), ACAP2 (Q15057), ACAT1 (P24752), ACAT2 (Q9BWD1), ACBD7(Q8N6N7), ACLY (P53396), ACO1 (P21399), ACO2 (Q99798), ACOT1 (Q86TX2),ACOT13 (Q9NPJ3), ACOT7 (O00154), ACP1 (P24666), ACSL1 (P33121), ACSL3(O95573), ACSL4 (O60488), ACSS2 (Q9NR19), ACTC1 (P68032), ACTG1(P63261), ACTL6A (O96019), ACTN1 (P12814), ACTN4 (O43707), ACTR10(Q9NZ32), ACTR1A (P61163), ACTR1B (P42025), ACTR2 (P61160), ACTR3(P61158), ADAM10 (O14672), ADAM12 (O43184), ADAMTS15 (Q8TE58), ADAMTS16(Q8TE57), ADAR (P55265), ADAT2 (Q7Z6V5), ADH5 (P11766), ADI1 (Q9BV57),ADK (P55263), ADRBK1 (P25098), ADRM1 (Q16186), ADSL (P30566), ADSS(P30520), AEBP1 (Q8IUX7), AFM (P43652), AGL (P35573), AGRN (O00468), AGT(P01019), AHCY (P23526), AHCYL1 (O43865), AHNAK (Q09666), AHSA1(O95433), AHSG (P02765), AIDA (Q96BJ3), AIFM1 (O95831), AIMP1 (Q12904),AIMP2 (Q13155), AIP (O00170), AK1 (P00568), AK3 (Q9UIJ7), AK4 (P27144),AKAP12 (Q02952), AKAP9 (Q99996), AKR1A1 (P14550), AKR1B1 (P15121),AKR1C1 (Q04828), AKR7A2 (O43488), AKR7A3 (O95154), AKT1 (P31749), ALCAM(Q13740), ALDH16A1 (Q8IZ83), ALDH3A1 (P30838), ALDH7A1 (P49419), ALDH9A1(P49189), ALDOA (P04075), ALDOC (P09972), ALKBH2 (Q6NS38), ALKBH4(Q9NXW9), AMBP (P02760), AMDHD2 (Q9Y303), AMPD2 (Q01433), AMZ2 (Q86W34),ANAPC1 (Q9H1A4), ANAPC4 (Q9UJX5), ANAPC5 (Q9UJX4), ANAPC7 (Q9UJX3),ANKFY1 (Q9P2R3), ANKRD28 (O15084), ANP32A (P39687), ANP32B (Q92688),ANP32E (Q9BTT0), ANXA1 (P04083), ANXA2 (P07355), ANXA4 (P09525), ANXA5(P08758), ANXA6 (P08133), ANXA7 (P20073), AP1B1 (Q10567), AP1G1(O43747), AP1M1 (Q9BXS5), AP1S1 (P61966), AP1S2 (P56377), AP2A1(O95782), AP2A2 (O94973), AP2B1 (P63010), AP2M1 (Q96CW1), AP2S1(P53680), AP3B1 (O00203), AP3D1 (O14617), AP3M1 (Q9Y2T2), AP3S1(Q92572), AP3S2 (P59780), AP4S1 (Q9Y587), APEH (P13798), APEX1 (P27695),API5 (Q9BZZ5), APIP (Q96GX9), APOA1 (P02647), APOA1BP (Q8NCW5), APOA2(P02652), APOBEC3C (Q9NRW3), APOC2 (P02655), APOD (P05090), APOH(P02749), APOM (O95445), APPL1 (Q9UKG1), APRT (P07741), AQR (O60306),ARCN1 (P48444), ARF1 (P84077), ARF4 (P18085), ARF5 (P84085), ARF6(P62330), ARFIP1 (P53367), ARFIP2 (P53365), ARHGAP1 (Q07960), ARHGAP12(Q8IWW6), ARHGDIA (P52565), ARHGEF1 (Q92888), ARHGEF10 (O15013), ARHGEF7(Q14155), ARIH1 (Q9Y4X5), ARIH2 (O95376), ARL1 (P40616), ARL2 (P36404),ARL3 (P36405), ARL6IP1 (Q15041), ARL8B (Q9NVJ2), ARMC10 (Q8N2F6), ARMC6(Q6NXE6), ARMC8 (Q8IUR7), ARMC9 (Q7Z3E5), ARMCX3 (Q9UH62), ARPC1A(Q92747), ARPC1B (O15143), ARPC2 (O15144), ARPC3 (O15145), ARPC4(P59998), ARPC5 (O15511), ARPC5L (Q9BPX5), ARRDC1 (Q8N5I2), ASB6(Q9NWX5), ASCC1 (Q8N9N2), ASCC2 (Q9H1I8), ASCC3 (Q8N3C0), ASF1A(Q9Y294), ASH2L (Q9UBL3), ASMTL (O95671), ASNA1 (O43681), ASNS (P08243),ASS1 (P00966), ATG16L1 (Q676U5), ATG3 (Q9NT62), ATG4B (Q9Y4P1), ATG7(O95352), ATIC (P31939), ATL3 (Q6DD88), ATM (Q13315), ATOX1 (O00244),ATP1A1 (P05023), ATP1B1 (P05026), ATP1B3 (P54709), ATP2B1 (P20020),ATP2B4 (P23634), ATP5B (P06576), ATP5E (P56381), ATP5I (P56385), ATP6AP2(O75787), ATP6V0D1 (P61421), ATP6V1A (P38606), ATP6V1B2 (P21281),ATP6V1C1 (P21283), ATP6V1D (Q9Y5K8), ATP6V1E1 (P36543), ATP6V1G1(O75348), ATP6V1H (Q9UI12), ATR (Q13535), ATRN (O75882), ATXN10(Q9UBB4), B2M (P61769), B3GAT3 (O94766), B3GNT1 (O43505), B4GALT7(Q9UBV7), BAG2 (O95816), BAIAP2 (Q9UQB8), BANF1 (O75531), BAT1 (Q13838),BAT3 (P46379), BBOX1 (O75936), BCAS2 (O75934), BCAT1 (P54687), BCCIP(Q9P287), BCL2L13 (Q9BXK5), BCLAF1 (Q9NYF8), BDH2 (Q9BUT1), BICD2(Q8TD16), BLOC1S1 (P78537), BLVRA (P53004), BLVRB (P30043), BMP1(P13497), BOLA2 (Q9H3K6), BPGM (P07738), BPHL (Q86WA6), BPNT1 (O95861),BRCC3 (P46736), BRE (Q9NXR7), BROX (Q5VW32), BRP16L (P0CB43), BSG(P35613), BST1 (Q10588), BTAF1 (O14981), BUB3 (O43684), BUD31 (P41223),BYSL (Q13895), BZW1 (Q7L1Q6), BZW2 (Q9Y6E2), C10orf119 (Q9BTE3),C10orf58 (Q9BRX8), C10orf76 (Q5T2E6), C11orf54 (Q9H0W9), C11orf68(Q9H3H3), C12orf10 (Q9HB07), C14orf149 (Q96EM0), C14orf166 (Q9Y224),C15orf58 (Q6ZNW5), C16orf13 (Q96S19), C16orf80 (Q9Y6A4), C1D (Q13901),C1orf123 (Q9NWV4), C1orf50 (Q9BV19), C1orf57 (Q9BSD7), C1RL (Q9NZP8),C20orf11 (Q9NWU2), C20orf27 (Q9GZN8), C20orf4 (Q9Y312), C21orf59(P57076), C22orf25 (Q6ICL3), C22orf28 (Q9Y3I0), C2orf29 (Q9UKZ1),C2orf79 (Q6GMV3), C3orf10 (Q8WUW1), C3orf26 (Q9BQ75), C3orf75 (Q0PNE2),C4orf27 (Q9NWY4), C4orf41 (Q7Z392), C5orf32 (Q9H1C7), C6orf130 (Q9Y530),C6orf211 (Q9H993), C7orf25 (Q9BPX7), C7orf28B (P86790), C7orf41(Q8N3F0), C7orf59 (Q0VGL1), C9orf142 (Q9BUH6), C9orf23 (Q8N5L8), C9orf41(Q8N4J0), C9orf64 (Q5T6V5), CA11 (O75493), CAB39 (Q9Y376), CACNA2D1(P54289), CACYBP (Q9HB71), CAD (P27708), CADM1 (Q9BY67), CADM4 (Q8NFZ8),CALB1 (P05937), CALD1 (Q05682), CALM1 (P62158), CAMK2D (Q13557), CAND1(Q86VP6), CAP1 (Q01518), CAPN1 (P07384), CAPN2 (P17655), CAPN5 (O15484),CAPNS1 (P04632), CAPS (Q13938), CAPZA1 (P52907), CAPZA2 (P47755), CAPZB(P47756), CARHSP1 (Q9Y2V2), CARKD (Q8IW45), CARM1 (Q86X55), CARS(P49589), CASK (O14936), CASP3 (P42574), CASP6 (P55212), CAT (P04040),CBFB (Q13951), CBR1 (P16152), CBR3 (O75828), CBS (P35520), CBWD2(Q8IUF1), CBX1 (P83916), CBX3 (Q13185), CBX5 (P45973), CC2D1A (Q6P1N0),CC2D1B (Q5T0F9), CCAR1 (Q8IX12), CCBL1 (Q16773), CCBL2 (Q6YP21), CCDC22(O60826), CCDC25 (Q86WR0), CCDC53 (Q9Y3C0), CCDC56 (Q9Y2R0), CCDC93(Q567U6), CCNC (P24863), CCND2 (P30279), CCNH (P51946), CCT2 (P78371),CCT3 (P49368), CCT4 (P50991), CCT5 (P48643), CCT6A (P40227), CCT7(Q99832), CCT8 (P50990), CD109 (Q6YHK3), CD151 (P48509), CD276 (Q5ZPR3),CD44 (P16070), CD47 (Q08722), CD59 (P13987), CD63 (P08962), CD81(P60033), CD9 (P21926), CD99 (P14209), CDC16 (Q13042), CDC23 (Q9UJX2),CDC27 (P30260), CDC34 (P49427), CDC37 (Q16543), CDC40 (O60508), CDC42(P60953), CDCSL (Q99459), CDCP1 (Q9H5V8), CDH2 (P19022), CDK1 (P06493),CDK2 (P24941), CDK2AP2 (O75956), CDK4 (P11802), CDK5 (Q00535), CDK5RAP3(Q96JB5), CDK7 (P50613), CDKN2A (P42771), CDKN2AIP (Q9NXV6), CELSR1(Q9NYQ6), CELSR2 (Q9HCU4), CEP57 (Q86XR8), CFL1 (P23528), CFL2 (Q9Y281),CHAC2 (Q8WUX2), CHAF1B (Q13112), CHD4 (Q14839), CHEK2 (O96017), CHERP(Q8IWX8), CHID1 (Q9BWS9), CHML (P26374), CHMP1B (Q7LBR1), CHMP2A(O43633), CHMP4A (Q9BY43), CHMP4B (Q9H444), CHMP6 (Q96FZ7), CHORDC1(Q9UHD1), CHP (Q99653), CHRAC1 (Q9NRG0), CHST14 (Q8NCH0), CHST3(Q7LGC8), CHURC1 (Q8WUH1), CIAO1 (O76071), CIAPIN1 (Q6FI81), CIRH1A(Q969X6), CKAP5 (Q14008), CKB (P12277), CLASP1 (Q7Z460), CLDN3 (O15551),CLEC18B (Q6UXF7), CLIC1 (O00299), CLIC4 (Q9Y696), CLLD6 (Q5W111), CLNS1A(P54105), CLP1 (Q92989), CLPB (Q9H078), CLTA (P09496), CLTC (Q00610),CLU (P10909), CMAS (Q8NFW8), CMBL (Q96DG6), CMPK1 (P30085), CNBP(P62633), CNDP2 (Q96KP4), CNN2 (Q99439), CNN3 (Q15417), CNOT1 (A5YKK6),CNOT10 (Q9H9A5), CNOT6L (Q96LI5), CNOT7 (Q9UIV1), CNP (P09543), COASY(Q13057), COBRA1 (Q8WX92), COG1 (Q8WTW3), COG2 (Q14746), COG3 (Q96JB2),COG4 (Q9H9E3), COG5 (Q9UP83), COG6 (Q9Y2V7), COG7 (P83436), COG8(Q96MW5), COL11A1 (P12107), COL14A1 (Q05707), COL6A1 (P12109), COMMD1(Q8N668), COMMD10 (Q9Y6G5), COMMD2 (Q86X83), COMMD3 (Q9UBI1), COMMD4(Q9H0A8), COMMD5 (Q9GZQ3), COMMD6 (Q7Z4G1), COMMD7 (Q86VX2), COMMD8(Q9NX08), COMMD9 (Q9P000), COMT (P21964), COPA (P53621), COPB1 (P53618),COPB2 (P35606), COPE (O14579), COPG (Q9Y678), COPG2 (Q9UBF2), COPS2(P61201), COPS3 (Q9UNS2), COPS4 (Q9BT78), COPS5 (Q92905), COPS6(Q7L5N1), COPS7A (Q9UBW8), COPS7B (Q9H9Q2), COPS8 (Q99627), COPZ1(P61923), CORO1A (P31146), CORO1B (Q9BR76), CORO1C (Q9ULV4), CORO2B(Q9UQ03), CORO7 (P57737), COTL1 (Q14019), COX5A (P20674), COX5B(P10606), COX6C (P09669), COX7A2 (P14406), CP (P00450), CPD (O75976),CPN2 (P22792), CPNE1 (Q99829), CPNE3 (O75131), CPNE7 (Q9UBL6), CPSF1(Q10570), CPSF2 (Q9P2I0), CPSF3 (Q9UKF6), CPSF7 (Q8N684), CPXM1(Q96SM3), CRIP2 (P52943), CRK (P46108), CRLF3 (Q8IUI8), CRTAP (O75718),CRYAB (P02511), CRYM (Q14894), CRYZ (Q08257), CRYZL1 (O95825), CS(O75390), CSDE1 (O75534), CSE1L (P55060), CSK (P41240), CSNK1A1(P48729), CSNK2A1 (P68400), CSNK2B (P67870), CSRP1 (P21291), CSRP2(Q16527), CSTB (P04080), CSTF1 (Q05048), CSTF2T (Q9H0L4), CSTF3(Q12996), CTBP1 (Q13363), CTBP2 (P56545), CTNNA1 (P35221), CTNNB1(P35222), CTNNBL1 (Q8WYA6), CTNND1 (O60716), CTPS (P17812), CTPS2(Q9NRF8), CTR9 (Q6PD62), CTSC (P53634), CTSD (P07339), CTSF (Q9UBX1),CTSL2 (O60911), CTU1 (Q7Z7A3), CTU2 (Q2VPK5), CUL1 (Q13616), CUL2(Q13617), CUL3 (Q13618), CUL4A (Q13619), CUL4B (Q13620), CUL5 (Q93034),CWF19L1 (Q69YN2), CXADR (P78310), CXorf26 (Q9BVG4), CYB5A (P00167), CYCS(P99999), CYFIP1 (Q7L576), CYFIP2 (Q96F07), CYR61 (O00622), DAG1(Q14118), DAK (Q3LXA3), DARS (P14868), DAZAP1 (Q96EP5), DBI (P07108),DBN1 (Q16643), DBNL (Q9UJU6), DBR1 (Q9UK59), DCAF7 (P61962), DCAF8(Q5TAQ9), DCD (P81605), DCK (P27707), DCLK1 (O15075), DCPS (Q96C86),DCTD (P32321), DCTN1 (Q14203), DCTN2 (Q13561), DCTN3 (O75935), DCTN4(Q9UJW0), DCTN5 (Q9BTE1), DCTN6 (O00399), DCUN1D1 (Q96GG9), DCUN1D5(Q9BTE7), DCXR (Q7Z4W1), DDA1 (Q9BW61), DDAH2 (O95865), DDB1 (Q16531),DDB2 (Q92466), DDI2 (Q5TDH0), DDR1 (Q08345), DDT (P30046), DDX1(Q92499), DDX17 (Q92841), DDX19A (Q9NUU7), DDX21 (Q9NR30), DDX23(Q9BUQ8), DDX39 (O00148), DDX3X (O00571), DDX5 (P17844), DDX51 (Q8N8A6),DDX6 (P26196), DECR1 (Q16698), DEF (Q68CQ4), DEFA1 (P59665), DENR(O43583), DERA (Q9Y315), DFFA (O00273), DHFR (P00374), DHPS (P49366),DHRS1 (Q96LJ7), DHRS11 (Q6UWP2), DHRS4 (Q9BTZ2), DHX15 (O43143), DHX16(O60231), DHX29 (Q7Z478), DHX36 (Q9H2U1), DHX9 (Q08211), DIAPH1(O60610), DIAPH2 (O60879), DIMT1L (Q9UNQ2), DIP2B (Q9P265), DIP2C(Q9Y2E4), DIS3 (Q9Y2L1), DIS3L2 (Q8IYB7), DKC1 (O60832), DLG1 (Q12959),DNAH17 (Q9UFH2), DNAJA1 (P31689), DNAJA2 (O60884), DNAJB1 (P25685),DNAJB4 (Q9UDY4), DNAJC13 (O75165), DNAJC3 (Q13217), DNAJC7 (Q99615),DNASE1L1 (P49184), DNM1 (Q05193), DNM1L (O00429), DNM2 (P50570), DNPEP(Q9ULA0), DOCK1 (Q14185), DOCK4 (Q8N1I0), DOCK5 (Q9H7D0), DOCK7(Q96N67), DOHH (Q9BU89), DOM3Z (O77932), DPCD (Q9BVM2), DPH1 (Q9BZG8),DPH2 (Q9BQC3), DPH5 (Q9H2P9), DPM1 (O60762), DPP3 (Q9NY33), DPP9(Q86TI2), DPY30 (Q9C005), DPYSL2 (Q16555), DPYSL3 (Q14195), DPYSL4(O14531), DPYSL5 (Q9BPU6), DRG1 (Q9Y295), DRG2 (P55039), DSG1 (Q02413),DSP (P15924), DST (Q03001), DSTN (P60981), DTD1 (Q8TEA8), DTYMK(P23919), DUS2L (Q9NX74), DUSP12 (Q9UNI6), DUSP23 (Q9BVJ7), DUSP3(P51452), DYM (Q7RTS9), DYNC1H1 (Q14204), DYNC1I2 (Q13409), DYNC1LI1(Q9Y6G9), DYNC1LI2 (O43237), DYNC2H1 (Q8NCM8), DYNLL1 (P63167), DYNLL2(Q96FJ2), DYNLRB1 (Q9NP97), DYNLT1 (P63172), ECHDC1 (Q9NTX5), ECHDC3(Q96DC8), ECHS1 (P30084), ECM29 (Q5VYK3), EDC4 (Q6P2E9), EEA1 (Q15075),EEF1A1 (P68104), EEF1B2 (P24534), EEF1D (P29692), EEF1E1 (O43324), EEF1G(P26641), EEF2 (P13639), EEFSEC (P57772), EFEMP2 (O95967), EFHD2(Q96C19), EFNB2 (P52799), EFTUD1 (Q7Z2Z2), EFTUD2 (Q15029), EGFR(P00533), EHD1 (Q9H4M9), EHD2 (Q9NZN4), EHD4 (Q9H223), EIF1 (P41567),EIF1AX (P47813), EIF2A (Q9BY44), EIF2AK2 (P19525), EIF2B1 (Q14232),EIF2B2 (P49770), EIF2B3 (Q9NR50), EIF2B4 (Q9UI10), EIF2B5 (Q13144),EIF2C2 (Q9UKV8), EIF2S1 (P05198), EIF2S2 (P20042), EIF2S3 (P41091),EIF3A (Q14152), EIF3B (P55884), EIF3C (Q99613), EIF3D (O15371), EIF3E(P60228), EIF3F (O00303), EIF3G (O75821), EIF3H (O15372), EIF3I(Q13347), EIF3J (O75822), EIF3K (Q9UBQ5), EIF3L (Q9Y262), EIF3M(Q7L2H7), EIF4A1 (P60842), EIF4A2 (Q14240), EIF4A3 (P38919), EIF4E(P06730), EIF4E2 (O60573), EIF4G1 (Q04637), EIF4G2 (P78344), EIF4G3(O43432), EIF4H (Q15056), EIF5 (P55010), EIF5A (P63241), EIF5B (O60841),EIF6 (P56537), ELAC2 (Q9BQ52), ELAVL1 (Q15717), ELMO2 (Q96JJ3), ELP2(Q6IA86), ELP3 (Q9H9T3), EMG1 (Q92979), EMILIN1 (Q9Y6C2), EML1 (O00423),EML2 (O95834), EML3 (Q32P44), EML4 (Q9HC35), ENAH (Q8N8S7), ENO1(P06733), ENO2 (P09104), ENOPH1 (Q9UHY7), ENY2 (Q9NPA8), EPB41L2(O43491), EPB41L3 (Q9Y2J2), EPHA2 (P29317), EPHB3 (P54753), EPHX1(P07099), EPM2AIP1 (Q7L775), EPRS (P07814), ERH (P84090), ERI1 (Q8IV48),ERI3 (O43414), ERP44 (Q9BS26), ESD (P10768), ESYT1 (Q9BSJ8), ETF1(P62495), ETFA (P13804), ETFB (P38117), EXOC1 (Q9NV70), EXOC2 (Q96KP1),EXOC3 (O60645), EXOC4 (Q96A65), EXOC5 (O00471), EXOC6 (Q8TAG9), EXOC7(Q9UPT5), EXOC8 (Q8IYI6), EXOSC1 (Q9Y3B2), EXOSC2 (Q13868), EXOSC3(Q9NQT5), EXOSC4 (Q9NPD3), EXOSC5 (Q9NQT4), EXOSC6 (Q5RKV6), EXOSC7(Q15024), EXOSC8 (Q96B26), EXOSC9 (Q06265), EXTL3 (O43909), EYA3(Q99504), EZR (P15311), F3 (P13726), F8 (P00451), F8A1 (P23610), FABP5(Q01469), FABP7 (O15540), FADD (Q13158), FAF1 (Q9UNN5), FAH (P16930),FAHD2A (Q96GK7), FAM114A2 (Q9NRY5), FAM115A (Q9Y4C2), FAM120A (Q9NZB2),FAM125A (Q96EY5), FAM127A (A6ZKI3), FAM129B (Q96TA1), FAM136A (Q96C01),FAM168A (Q92567), FAM175B (Q15018), FAM188A (Q9H8M7), FAM3A (P98173),FAM3C (Q92520), FAM45B (Q6NSW5), FAM49B (Q9NUQ9), FAM82B (Q96DB5),FAM84B (Q96KN1), FAM98A (Q8NCA5), FAM98B (Q52LJ0), FARP1 (Q9Y4F1), FARP2(O94887), FARSA (Q9Y285), FARSB (Q9NSD9), FASN (P49327), FAT1 (Q14517),FBL (P22087), FBLN2 (P98095), FBN1 (P35555), FBN2 (P35556), FBXL18(Q96ME1), FBXO21 (O94952), FBXO22 (Q8NEZ5), FDFT1 (P37268), FDPS(P14324), FEN1 (P39748), FERMT1 (Q9BQL6), FERMT2 (Q96AC1), FGF1(P05230), FGFRL1 (Q8N441), FGGY (Q96C11), FH (P07954), FHL1 (Q13642),FHL2 (Q14192), FHL3 (Q13643), FIS1 (Q9Y3D6), FKBP1A (P62942), FKBP3(Q00688), FKBP4 (Q02790), FKBP5 (Q13451), FLII (Q13045), FLNA (P21333),FLNB (O75369), FLNC (Q14315), FLOT1 (O75955), FMNL2 (Q96PY5), FN3K(Q9H479), FN3KRP (Q9HA64), FNTA (P49354), FNTB (P49356), FOLR1 (P15328),FREM2 (Q5SZK8), FRMD8 (Q9BZ67), FSCN1 (Q16658), FSD1 (Q9BTV5), FTH1(P02794), FTL (P02792), FTO (Q9C0B1), FTSJD2 (Q8N1G2), FUBP1 (Q96AE4),FUCA2 (Q9BTY2), FUK (Q8N0W3), FXR1 (P51114), G3BP1 (Q13283), G3BP2(Q9UN86), G6PD (P11413), GAA (P10253), GALK1 (P51570), GALK2 (Q01415),GALNT1 (Q10472), GALNT2 (Q10471), GANAB (Q14697), GAP43 (P17677), GAPDH(P04406), GAPVD1 (Q14C86), GAR1 (Q9NY12), GARS (P41250), GART (P22102),GATSL2 (A6NHX0), GBA (P04062), GBE1 (Q04446), GCLM (P48507), GCN1L1(Q92616), GDI1 (P31150), GDI2 (P50395), GEMIN5 (Q8TEQ6), GEMIN6(Q8WXD5), GET4 (Q7L5D6), GFAP (P14136), GFPT1 (Q06210), GFPT2 (O94808),GGCT (O75223), GGPS1 (O95749), GINS1 (Q14691), GINS4 (Q9BRT9), GIPC1(O14908), GIT1 (Q9Y2X7), GLA (P06280), GLB1 (P16278), GLB1L2 (Q8IW92),GLG1 (Q92896), GLIPR2 (Q9H4G4), GLMN (Q92990), GLO1 (Q04760), GLOD4(Q9HC38), GLRX (P35754), GLRX3 (O76003), GLT25D1 (Q8NBJ5), GLTP(Q9NZD2), GLTPD1 (Q5TA50), GLUD1 (P00367), GLUL (P15104), GMDS (O60547),GMFB (P60983), GMPPA (Q96IJ6), GMPPB (Q9Y5P6), GMPR (P36959), GMPR2(Q9P2T1), GMPS (P49915), GNA11 (P29992), GNA13 (Q14344), GNAI2 (P04899),GNAI3 (P08754), GNAQ (P50148), GNAS (Q5JWF2), GNB1 (P62873), GNB2(P62879), GNB2L1 (P63244), GNB4 (Q9HAV0), GNE (Q9Y223), GNG12 (Q9UBI6),GNG4 (P50150), GNG5 (P63218), GNPDA1 (P46926), GNPNAT1 (Q96EK6), GOLGA7(Q7Z5G4), GOLGB1 (Q14789), GOLIM4 (O00461), GOLM1 (Q8NBJ4), GOLPH3(Q9H4A6), GORASP2 (Q9H8Y8), GPC1 (P35052), GPC4 (O75487), GPC6 (Q9Y625),GPD1L (Q8N335), GPI (P06744), GPLD1 (P80108), GPM6A (P51674), GPM6B(Q13491), GPN1 (Q9HCN4), GPR56 (Q9Y653), GPS1 (Q13098), GPX1 (P07203),GPX4 (P36969), GRB2 (P62993), GRHPR (Q9UBQ7), GRP (Q3ZCW2), GRPEL1(Q9HAV7), GRWD1 (Q9BQ67), GSK3A (P49840), GSK3B (P49841), GSN (P06396),GSPT1 (P15170), GSS (P48637), GSTK1 (Q9Y2Q3), GSTM2 (P28161), GSTM3(P21266), GSTM4 (Q03013), GSTO1 (P78417), GSTP1 (P09211), GSTT2(P0CG29), GSTZ1 (O43708), GTF2F2 (P13984), GTF2H2 (Q13888), GTF2I(P78347), GTF3C1 (Q12789), GTF3C2 (Q8WUA4), GTF3C4 (Q9UKN8), GTPBP1(O00178), GUK1 (Q16774), GYG1 (P46976), GYS1 (P13807), H2AFY (O75367),H2AFZ (P0C0S5), HADH (Q16836), HAGH (Q16775), HARS (P12081), HAT1(O14929), HAUS3 (Q68CZ6), HAUS4 (Q9H6D7), HBA1 (P69905), HBB (P68871),HCFC1 (P51610), HDAC1 (Q13547), HDAC2 (Q92769), HDAC3 (O15379), HDHD2(Q9H0R4), HDLBP (Q00341), HEATR1 (Q9H583), HEATR2 (Q86Y56), HEBP1(Q9NRV9), HECTD3 (Q5T447), HEG1 (Q9ULI3), HELZ (P42694), HERC4 (Q5GLZ8),HEXB (P07686), HGS (O14964), HHIP (Q96QV1), HIBCH (Q6NVY1), HIF1AN(Q9NWT6), HINT1 (P49773), HIP1R (O75146), HIST1H1B (P16401), HIST1H1C(P16403), HIST1H2BM (Q99879), HIST1H2BO (P23527), HIST1H4A (P62805),HIST2H2AA3 (Q6FI13), HIST2H3A (Q71DI3), HK1 (P19367), HK2 (P52789),HLA-A (P30443), HLA-A (P01892), HLCS (P50747), HMGA1 (P17096), HMGB1(P09429), HMGCL (P35914), HMGCS1 (Q01581), HMGN2 (P05204), HNRNPA1(P09651), HNRNPA2B1 (P22626), HNRNPA3 (P51991), HNRNPAB (Q99729), HNRNPC(P07910), HNRNPD (Q14103), HNRNPF (P52597), HNRNPH1 (P31943), HNRNPH2(P55795), HNRNPH3 (P31942), HNRNPK (P61978), HNRNPL (P14866), HNRNPM(P52272), HNRNPR (O43390), HNRNPU (Q00839), HNRNPUL2 (Q1KMD3), HNRPDL(O14979), HNRPLL (Q8WVV9), HOOK3 (Q86VS8), HP (P00738), HP1BP3 (Q5SSJ5),HPCAL1 (P37235), HPRT1 (P00492), HPX (P02790), HRAS (P01112), HS6ST2(Q96MM7), HSD17B10 (Q99714), HSD17B4 (P51659), HSP90AA1 (P07900),HSP90AB1 (P08238), HSP90B1 (P14625), HSPA12A (O43301), HSPA14 (Q0VDF9),HSPA1A (P08107), HSPA2 (P54652), HSPA4 (P34932), HSPA4L (O95757), HSPA5(P11021), HSPA8 (P11142), HSPA9 (P38646), HSPB1 (P04792), HSPB11(Q9Y547), HSPBP1 (Q9NZL4), HSPD1 (P10809), HSPE1 (P61604), HSPG2(P98160), HSPH1 (Q92598), HTATIP2 (Q9BUP3), HTRA1 (Q92743), HTT(P42858), HUWE1 (Q7Z6Z7), HYOU1 (Q9Y4L1), IARS (P41252), ICAM1 (P05362),IDE (P14735), IDH1 (O75874), IDH2 (P48735), IDI1 (Q13907), IDUA(P35475), IFI16 (Q16666), IFI35 (P80217), IFIT5 (Q13325), IFITM3(Q01628), IGF1R (P08069), IGF2BP2 (Q9Y6M1), IGF2BP3 (O00425), IGF2R(P11717), IGFBP3 (P17936), IGSF3 (O75054), IGSF8 (Q969P0), IKBKAP(O95163), IL1RAP (Q9NPH3), ILF2 (Q12905), ILF3 (Q12906), ILK (Q13418),ILKAP (Q9H0C8), IMP4 (Q96G21), IMPA1 (P29218), IMPA2 (O14732), IMPAD1(Q9NX62), IMPDH2 (P12268), INF2 (Q27J81), INPP1 (P49441), INPPL1(O15357), INTS1 (Q8N201), INTS10 (Q9NVR2), INTS3 (Q68E01), INTS5(Q6P9B9), IPO11 (Q9UI26), IPO13 (O94829), IPO4 (Q8TEX9), IPO5 (O00410),IPO7 (O95373), IPO8 (O15397), IPO9 (Q96P70), IQGAP1 (P46940), IRF2BP2(Q7Z5L9), IRF3 (Q14653), IRGQ (Q8WZA9), ISG15 (P05161), ISOC1 (Q96CN7),ISPD (A4D126), ISYNA1 (Q9NPH2), ITFG3 (Q9H0X4), ITGA2 (P17301), ITGA3(P26006), ITGA4 (P13612), ITGA5 (P08648), ITGA6 (P23229), ITGA7(Q13683), ITGAV (P06756), ITGB1 (P05556), ITGB4 (P16144), ITGB8(P26012), ITPA (Q9BY32), JAM3 (Q9BX67), JUP (P14923), KARS (Q15046),KBTBD4 (Q9NVX7), KBTBD6 (Q86V97), KCTD12 (Q96CX2), KDM1A (O60341), KEAP1(Q14145), KHDRBS1 (Q07666), KHSRP (Q92945), KIAA0174 (P53990), KIAA0196(Q12768), KIAA0319L (Q8IZA0), KIAA0664 (O75153), KIAA0776 (O94874),KIAA1033 (Q2M389), KIAA1279 (Q96EK5), KIAA1468 (Q9P260), KIAA1598(A0MZ66), KIAA1797 (Q5VW36), KIAA1967 (Q8N163), KIF1A (Q12756), KIF3A(Q9Y496), KIF5B (P33176), KIF5C (O60282), KLC1 (Q07866), KLC2 (Q9H0B6),KLC4 (Q9NSK0), KLHDC3 (Q9BQ90), KLHL13 (Q9P2N7), KNG1 (P01042), KNTC1(P50748), KPNA1 (P52294), KPNA2 (P52292), KPNA3 (O00505), KPNA4(O00629), KPNA6 (O60684), KPNB1 (Q14974), KPRP (Q5T749), KRAS (P01116),KRIT1 (O00522), KRT13 (P13646), KRT14 (P02533), KRT71 (Q3SY84), KTN1(Q86UP2), L1CAM (P32004), LAGE3 (Q14657), LAMA4 (Q16363), LAMA5(O15230), LAMB1 (P07942), LAMC1 (P11047), LAMP1 (P11279), LAMP2(P13473), LANCL1 (O43813), LANCL2 (Q9NS86), LAP3 (P28838), LARP1(Q6PKG0), LARS (Q9P2J5), LASP1 (Q14847), LCAT (P04180), LCMT1 (Q9UIC8),LDHA (P00338), LDHB (P07195), LDLR (P01130), LEFTY2 (O00292), LEPRE1(Q32P28), LFNG (Q8NES3), LGALS1 (P09382), LGALS3 (P17931), LGALS3BP(Q08380), LHFP (Q9Y693), LIMA1 (Q9UHB6), LIMS1 (P48059), LIN7C (Q9NUP9),LIPG (Q9Y5X9), LLGL1 (Q15334), LMCD1 (Q9NZU5), LMNA (P02545), LMNB1(P20700), LOXL4 (Q96JB6), LPL (P06858), LRBA (P50851), LRCH3 (Q96II8),LRG1 (P02750), LRP1 (Q07954), LRRC20 (Q8TCA0), LRRC40 (Q9H9A6), LRRC47(Q8N1G4), LRRC57 (Q8N9N7), LRSAM1 (Q6UWE0), LRWD1 (Q9UFC0), LSM1(O15116), LSM12 (Q3MHD2), LSM2 (Q9Y333), LSM3 (P62310), LSM4 (Q9Y4Z0),LSM6 (P62312), LSM7 (Q9UK45), LSS (P48449), LTA4H (P09960), LTBP2(Q14767), LTBP3 (Q9NS15), LUM (P51884), LYPLA1 (O75608), LYPLA2(O95372), LYPLAL1 (Q5VWZ2), M6PR (P20645), MACF1 (Q9UPN3), MAD1L1(Q9Y6D9), MAD2L1 (Q13257), MAEA (Q7L5Y9), MAGEE1 (Q9HCI5), MAGOHB(Q96A72), MALT1 (Q9UDY8), MAN1B1 (Q9UKM7), MAN2A1 (Q16706), MANBA(O00462), MAP1B (P46821), MAP1S (Q66K74), MAP2K1 (Q02750), MAP2K2(P36507), MAP2K3 (P46734), MAP3K4 (Q9Y6R4), MAP4 (P27816), MAP4K4(O95819), MAPK1 (P28482), MAPK12 (P53778), MAPK3 (P27361), MAPK9(P45984), MAPKAPK2 (P49137), MAPKSP1 (Q9UHA4), MAPRE1 (Q15691), MAPRE3(Q9UPY8), MARCKS (P29966), MARCKSL1 (P49006), MARK2 (Q7KZI7), MARS(P56192), MAT2A (P31153), MAT2B (Q9NZL9), MATR3 (P43243), MBD3 (O95983),MBNL1 (Q9NR56), MCAM (P43121), MCAT (Q8IVS2), MCM2 (P49736), MCM3(P25205), MCM4 (P33991), MCM5 (P33992), MCM6 (Q14566), MCM7 (P33993),MCTS1 (Q9ULC4), MDH1 (P40925), MDH2 (P40926), MDK (P21741), MDN1(Q9NU22), ME1 (P48163), ME2 (P23368), MED1 (Q15648), MED16 (Q9Y2X0),MED17 (Q9NVC6), MED18 (Q9BUE0), MED20 (Q9H944), MED22 (Q15528), MED23(Q9ULK4), MED27 (Q6P2C8), MED30 (Q96HR3), MED31 (Q9Y3C7), MEMO1(Q9Y316), MERIT40 (Q9NWV8), METAP1 (P53582), METAP2 (P50579), METT10D(Q86W50), METTL1 (Q9UBP6), METTL11A (Q9BV86), METTL13 (Q8N6R0), METTL2B(Q6P1Q9), METTL5 (Q9NRN9), MFAP2 (P55001), MFAP4 (P55083), MFGE8(Q08431), MFI2 (P08582), MGAT4B (Q9UQ53), MGAT5 (Q09328), MGEA5(O60502), MICAL1 (Q8TDZ2), MIF (P14174), MIF4GD (A9UHW6), MINA (Q8IUF8),MINK1 (Q8N4C8), MIOS (Q9NXC5), MIS12 (Q9H081), MKLN1 (Q9UL63), MLTK(Q9NYL2), MMP14 (P50281), MMS19 (Q96T76), MOB2 (Q70IA6), MOBKL1B(Q9H8S9), MOBKL2A (Q96BX8), MOBKL3 (Q9Y3A3), MOCS2 (O96033), MON2(Q7Z3U7), MORC2 (Q9Y6X9), MOV10 (Q9HCE1), MOXD1 (Q6UVY6), MPI (P34949),MPP6 (Q9NZW5), MPRIP (Q6WCQ1), MPST (P25325), MPZL1 (O95297), MRC2(Q9UBG0), MRI1 (Q9BV20), MRTO4 (Q9UKD2), MSH2 (P43246), MSN (P26038),MSTO1 (Q9BUK6), MTA1 (Q13330), MTA2 (O94776), MTAP (Q13126), MTHFD1(P11586), MTHFS (P49914), MTM1 (Q13496), MTMR1 (Q13613), MTMR6 (Q9Y217),MTMR9 (Q96QG7), MTOR (P42345), MTPN (P58546), MTR (Q99707), MVD(P53602), MVK (Q03426), MVP (Q14764), MYADM (Q96S97), MYBBP1A (Q9BQG0),MYCBP (Q99417), MYD88 (Q99836), MYH10 (P35580), MYH9 (P35579), MYL12B(O14950), MYL6 (P60660), MYO18A (Q92614), MYO1B (O43795), MYO1C(O00159), MYO1E (Q12965), MYO6 (Q9UM54), MYOF (Q9NZM1), MZT1 (Q08AG7),NAA10 (P41227), NAA15 (Q9BXJ9), NAA16 (Q6N069), NAA20 (P61599), NAA30(Q147X3), NAA38 (O95777), NAA50 (Q9GZZ1), NACA (Q13765), NADSYN1(Q6IA69), NAE1 (Q13564), NAGK (Q9UJ70), NAGLU (P54802), NAMPT (P43490),NANS (Q9NR45), NAP1L1 (P55209), NAP1L4 (Q99733), NAPA (P54920), NAPG(Q99747), NAPRT1 (Q6XQN6), NARS (O43776), NASP (P49321), NCAM1 (P13591),NCAPD2 (Q15021), NCAPG (Q9BPX3), NCBP1 (Q09161), NCBP2 (P52298), NCDN(Q9UBB6), NCKAP1 (Q9Y2A7), NCKIPSD (Q9NZQ3), NCL (P19338), NCS1(P62166), NCSTN (Q92542), NDRG3 (Q9UGV2), NDRG4 (Q9ULP0), NDUFA2(O43678), NDUFA3 (O95167), NDUFA5 (Q16718), NDUFAB1 (O14561), NDUFS6(O75380), NEDD4L (Q96PU5), NEFL (P07196), NEK9 (Q8TD19), NES (P48681),NF1 (P21359), NFIC (P08651), NFIX (Q14938), NFKB2 (Q00653), NHLRC2(Q8NBF2), NHP2L1 (P55769), NID1 (P14543), NIP7 (Q9Y221), NIT1 (Q86X76),NIT2 (Q9NQR4), NLE1 (Q9NVX2), NLGN4X (Q8N0W4), NLN (Q9BYT8), NMD3(Q96D46), NME1 (P15531), NME2 (P22392), NME3 (Q13232), NME7 (Q9Y5B8),NMT1 (P30419), NNMT (P40261), NOB1 (Q9ULX3), NOL11 (Q9H8H0), NOL6(Q9H6R4), NOMO2 (Q5JPE7), NONO (Q15233), NOP10 (Q9NPE3), NOP2 (P46087),NOTCH1 (P46531), NOTCH3 (Q9UM47), NOVA2 (Q9UNW9), NPEPPS (P55786),NPLOC4 (Q8TAT6), NPM1 (P06748), NPM3 (O75607), NPTN (Q9Y639), NPW(Q8N729), NQO1 (P15559), NQO2 (P16083), NR2C2AP (Q86WQ0), NRAS (P01111),NRBP1 (Q9UHY1), NRBP2 (Q9NSY0), NRD1 (O43847), NRP2 (O60462), NSF(P46459), NSMAF (Q92636), NSMCE1 (Q8WV22), NSUN2 (Q08J23), NT5C(Q8TCD5), NT5DC1 (Q5TFE4), NTN1 (O95631), NUBP1 (P53384), NUBP2(Q9Y5Y2), NUCB1 (Q02818), NUDC (Q9Y266), NUDCD1 (Q96RS6), NUDCD2(Q8WVJ2), NUDT1 (P36639), NUDT10 (Q8NFP7), NUDT12 (Q9BQG2), NUDT16(Q96DE0), NUDT16L1 (Q9BRJ7), NUDT2 (P50583), NUDT21 (O43809), NUDT4(Q9NZJ9), NUDT5 (Q9UKK9), NUMA1 (Q14980), NUP188 (Q5SRE5), NUP37(Q8NFH4), NUP43 (Q8NFH3), NUP54 (Q7Z3B4), NUP88 (Q99567), NUP93(Q8N1F7), NUTF2 (P61970), NXN (Q6DKJ4), OBFC2B (Q9BQ15), OCRL (Q01968),ODZ2 (Q9NT68), ODZ3 (Q9P273), OGFOD1 (Q8N543), OGT (O15294), OLA1(Q9NTK5), OLFML3 (Q9NRN5), OPA1 (O60313), OPLAH (O14841), OSBP (P22059),OSBPL1A (Q9BXW6), OSGEP (Q9NPF4), OTUB1 (Q96FW1), OVCA2 (Q8WZ82), OXCT1(P55809), OXSR1 (O95747), P4HB (P07237), PA2G4 (Q9UQ80), PAAF1 (Q9BRP4),PABPC1 (P11940), PABPC4 (Q13310), PABPN1 (Q86U42), PACSIN2 (Q9UNF0),PACSIN3 (Q9UKS6), PAF1 (Q8N7H5), PAFAH1B1 (P43034), PAFAH1B2 (P68402),PAFAH1B3 (Q15102), PAICS (P22234), PAIP1 (Q9H074), PAK2 (Q13177), PALD(Q9ULE6), PALLD (Q8WX93), PANK4 (Q9NVE7), PAPOLA (P51003), PAPSS1(O43252), PARF (Q3YEC7), PARK7 (Q99497), PARN (O95453), PARP1 (P09874),PARP4 (Q9UKK3), PARVA (Q9NVD7), PBK (Q96KB5), PBLD (P30039), PCBP1(Q15365), PCBP2 (Q15366), PCDHB2 (Q9Y5E7), PCDHGB4 (Q9UN71), PCDHGC3(Q9UN70), PCID2 (Q5JVF3), PCMT1 (P22061), PCNA (P12004), PCOLCE2(Q9UKZ9), PCYT2 (Q99447), PDCD10 (Q9BUL8), PDCD2L (Q9BRP1), PDCD4(Q53EL6), PDCD5 (O14737), PDCD6 (O75340), PDCD6IP (Q8WUM4), PDCL3(Q9H2J4), PDDC1 (Q8NB37), PDE12 (Q6L8Q7), PDE6D (O43924), PDGFC(Q9NRA1), PDIA3 (P30101), PDIA6 (Q15084), PDLIM1 (O00151), PDLIM4(P50479), PDLIM5 (Q96HC4), PDLIM7 (Q9NR12), PDRG1 (Q9NUG6), PDRO(Q6IAA8), PDS5A (Q29RF7), PDXK (O00764), PDXP (Q96GD0), PEA15 (Q15121),PEBP1 (P30086), PEF1 (Q9UBV8), PELO (Q9BRX2), PELP1 (Q8IZL8), PEPD(P12955), PFAS (O15067), PFDN2 (Q9UHV9), PFDN5 (Q99471), PFDN6 (O15212),PFKL (P17858), PFKM (P08237), PFKP (Q01813), PFN1 (P07737), PFN2(P35080), PGAM1 (P18669), PGAM5 (Q96HS1), PGD (P52209), PGGT1B (P53609),PGK1 (P00558), PGLS (O95336), PGLYRP2 (Q96PD5), PGM1 (P36871), PGM2L1(Q6PCE3), PGM3 (O95394), PGP (A6NDG6), PGRMC1 (O00264), PGRMC2 (O15173),PHF5A (Q7RTV0), PHGDH (O43175), PHKB (Q93100), PHLDA3 (Q9Y5J5), PHPT1(Q9NRX4), PIK3CB (P42338), PIK3R4 (Q99570), PIN1 (Q13526), PIP4K2A(P48426), PIPOX (Q9P0Z9), PITPNB (P48739), PKM2 (P14618), PKP1 (Q13835),PLAA (Q9Y263), PLCD3 (Q8N3E9), PLCG1 (P19174), PLD3 (Q8IV08), PLEC(Q15149), PLEKHB2 (Q96CS7), PLIN3 (O60664), PLOD1 (Q02809), PLOD2(O00469), PLOD3 (O60568), PLRG1 (O43660), PLS1 (Q14651), PLS3 (P13797),PLSCR3 (Q9NRY6), PLTP (P55058), PLXNA1 (Q9UIW2), PLXNB2 (O15031), PLXND1(Q9Y4D7), PM20D2 (Q8IYS1), PML (P29590), PMM2 (O15305), PMPCA (Q10713),PMPCB (O75439), PMVK (Q15126), PNMA2 (Q9UL42), PNO1 (Q9NRX1), PNP(P00491), PODXL (O00592), POLA1 (P09884), POLD1 (P28340), POLD2(P49005), POLE3 (Q9NRF9), POLR1A (O95602), POLR1B (Q9H9Y6), POLR1C(O15160), POLR1D (Q9Y2S0), POLR1E (Q9GZS1), POLR2A (P24928), POLR2B(P30876), POLR2C (P19387), POLR2E (P19388), POLR2G (P62487), POLR2H(P52434), POLR2J (P52435), POLR2L (P62875), POLR3A (O14802), POLR3B(Q9NW08), POLR3C (Q9BUI4), POLR3F (Q9H1D9), POP1 (Q99575), POP4(O95707), POP5 (Q969H6), POP7 (O75817), PPA1 (Q15181), PPA2 (Q9H2U2),PPAT (Q06203), PPCS (Q9HAB8), PPIA (P62937), PPIB (P23284), PPID(Q08752), PPIF (P30405), PPIH (O43447), PPIL1 (Q9Y3C6), PPM1A (P35813),PPM1F (P49593), PPM1G (O15355), PPME1 (Q9Y570), PPP1CA (P62136), PPP1CB(P62140), PPP1CC (P36873), PPP1R7 (Q15435), PPP1R8 (Q12972), PPP2CA(P67775), PPP2CB (P62714), PPP2R1A (P30153), PPP2R2A (P63151), PPP2R4(Q15257), PPP2R5C (Q13362), PPP2R5D (Q14738), PPP2R5E (Q16537), PPP3CA(Q08209), PPP4C (P60510), PPP4R1 (Q8TF05), PPP5C (P53041), PPP6C(O00743), PPP6R3 (Q5H9R7), PPPDE2 (Q6ICB0), PPT1 (P50897), PPWD1(Q96BP3), PRCP (P42785), PRDX1 (Q06830), PRDX2 (P32119), PRDX3 (P30048),PRDX5 (P30044), PRDX6 (P30041), PREP (P48147), PREPL (Q4J6C6), PRIM1(P49642), PRIM2 (P49643), PRKACA (P17612), PRKACB (P22694), PRKAG1(P54619), PRKAR1A (P10644), PRKAR2A (P13861), PRKAR2B (P31323), PRKDC(P78527), PRMT1 (Q99873), PRMT3 (O60678), PRMT5 (O14744), PROM1(O43490), PROSC (O94903), PRPF19 (Q9UMS4), PRPF31 (Q8WWY3), PRPF4(O43172), PRPF4B (Q13523), PRPF8 (Q6P2Q9), PRPS1 (P60891), PRPS2(P11908), PRPSAP1 (Q14558), PRPSAP2 (O60256), PRSS23 (O95084), PRTFDC1(Q9NRG1), PSAT1 (Q9Y617), PSMA1 (P25786), PSMA2 (P25787), PSMA3(P25788), PSMA4 (P25789), PSMA5 (P28066), PSMA6 (P60900), PSMA7(O14818), PSMB1 (P20618), PSMB2 (P49721), PSMB3 (P49720), PSMB4(P28070), PSMB5 (P28074), PSMB6 (P28072), PSMB7 (Q99436), PSMB8(P28062), PSMC1 (P62191), PSMC2 (P35998), PSMC3 (P17980), PSMC4(P43686), PSMC5 (P62195), PSMC6 (P62333), PSMD1 (Q99460), PSMD10(O75832), PSMD11 (O00231), PSMD12 (O00232), PSMD13 (Q9UNM6), PSMD14(O00487), PSMD2 (Q13200), PSMD3 (O43242), PSMD4 (P55036), PSMD5(Q16401), PSMD6 (Q15008), PSMD7 (P51665), PSMD8 (P48556), PSMD9(O00233), PSME1 (Q06323), PSME2 (Q9UL46), PSME3 (P61289), PSME4(Q14997), PSMF1 (Q92530), PSMG1 (O95456), PSMG2 (Q969U7), PSMG3(Q9BT73), PSPC1 (Q8WXF1), PSPH (P78330), PTBP1 (P26599), PTGES3(Q15185), PTGFRN (Q9P2B2), PTGR1 (Q14914), PTGR2 (Q8N8N7), PTK2(Q05397), PTK7 (Q13308), PTN (P21246), PTP4A1 (Q93096), PTPN1 (P18031),PTPN11 (Q06124), PTPN23 (Q9H3S7), PTPRA (P18433), PTPRG (P23470), PTPRZ1(P23471), PUF60 (Q9UHX1), PUM1 (Q14671), PURB (Q96QR8), PUS7 (Q96PZ0),PVR (P15151), PWP1 (Q13610), PXDN (Q92626), PXK (Q7Z7A4), PYCR1(P32322), PYCRL (Q53H96), PYGB (P11216), PYGL (P06737), QARS (P47897),QDPR (P09417), QKI (Q96PU8), QRICH1 (Q2TAL8), QSOX2 (Q6ZRP7), QTRT1(Q9BXR0), RAB10 (P61026), RAB11A (P62491), RAB11FIP1 (Q6WKZ4), RAB12(Q6IQ22), RAB13 (P51153), RAB14 (P61106), RAB18 (Q9NP72), RAB1A(P62820), RAB1B (Q9H0U4), RAB21 (Q9UL25), RAB22A (Q9UL26), RAB23(Q9ULC3), RAB27A (P51159), RAB2A (P61019), RAB34 (Q9BZG1), RAB35(Q15286), RAB3A (P20336), RAB3GAP1 (Q15042), RAB3GAP2 (Q9H2M9), RAB4A(P20338), RAB5A (P20339), RAB5B (P61020), RAB5C (P51148), RAB6A(P20340), RAB6B (Q9NRW1), RAB7A (P51149), RAB8A (P61006), RAB8B(Q92930), RABAC1 (Q9UI14), RABGAP1 (Q9Y3P9), RABGGTA (Q92696), RABGGTB(P53611), RABIF (P47224), RAC1 (P63000), RAD1 (O60671), RAD50 (Q92878),RAE1 (P78406), RAI14 (Q9P0K7), RALA (P11233), RALB (P11234), RALY(Q9UKM9), RAN (P62826), RANBP1 (P43487), RANBP2 (P49792), RANBP6(O60518), RANBP9 (Q96S59), RANGAP1 (P46060), RAP1A (P62834), RAP1B(P61224), RAP1GDS1 (P52306), RAP2B (P61225), RARS (P54136), RASA1(P20936), RBBP4 (Q09028), RBBP5 (Q15291), RBBP7 (Q16576), RBBP9(O75884), RBM12 (Q9NTZ6), RBM15 (Q96T37), RBM17 (Q96I25), RBM22(Q9NW64), RBM4 (Q9BWF3), RBMX (P38159), RBP1 (P09455), RBPJ (Q06330),RBX1 (P62877), RCC1 (P18754), RCC2 (Q9P258), RCL (O43598), RDX (P35241),RECQL (P46063), REEP5 (Q00765), REEP6 (Q96HR9), REPS1 (Q96D71), RFC4(P35249), RFC5 (P40937), RFTN1 (Q14699), RHEB (Q15382), RHOA (P61586),RHOB (P62745), RHOC (P08134), RHOF (Q9HBH0), RHOG (P84095), RIC8A(Q9NPQ8), RMND5A (Q9H871), RNASEH2A (O75792), RNASEH2C (Q8TDP1), RNF123(Q5XPI4), RNF20 (Q5VTR2), RNF213 (Q63HN8), RNF7 (Q9UBF6), RNGTT(O60942), RNH1 (P13489), RNMT (O43148), RNPEP (Q9H4A4), ROBLD3 (Q9Y2Q5),ROCK1 (Q13464), ROCK2 (O75116), ROR1 (Q01973), RP2 (O75695), RPA1(P27694), RPA2 (P15927), RPA3 (P35244), RPE (Q96AT9), RPF2 (Q9H7B2),RPL10 (P27635), RPL10A (P62906), RPL11 (P62913), RPL12 (P30050), RPL13(P26373), RPL13A (P40429), RPL14 (P50914), RPL15 (P61313), RPL17(P18621), RPL18 (Q07020), RPL18A (Q02543), RPL19 (P84098), RPL21(P46778), RPL22 (P35268), RPL22L1 (Q6P5R6), RPL23 (P62829), RPL23A(P62750), RPL24 (P83731), RPL26 (P61254), RPL27 (P61353), RPL27A(P46776), RPL28 (P46779), RPL3 (P39023), RPL30 (P62888), RPL31 (P62899),RPL32 (P62910), RPL34 (P49207), RPL35 (P42766), RPL35A (P18077), RPL36(Q9Y3U8), RPL36A (P83881), RPL36AL (Q969Q0), RPL37A (P61513), RPL38(P63173), RPL4 (P36578), RPL5 (P46777), RPL6 (Q02878), RPL7 (P18124),RPL7A (P62424), RPL8 (P62917), RPL9 (P32969), RPLP0 (P05388), RPLP1(P05386), RPLP2 (P05387), RPP30 (P78346), RPP40 (O75818), RPRD1A(Q96P16), RPS10 (P46783), RPS11 (P62280), RPS12 (P25398), RPS13(P62277), RPS14 (P62263), RPS15 (P62841), RPS15A (P62244), RPS16(P62249), RPS17 (P08708), RPS18 (P62269), RPS19 (P39019), RPS2 (P15880),RPS20 (P60866), RPS21 (P63220), RPS23 (P62266), RPS24 (P62847), RPS25(P62851), RPS26 (P62854), RPS27 (P42677), RPS27A (P62979), RPS27L(Q71UM5), RPS28 (P62857), RPS29 (P62273), RPS3 (P23396), RPS3A (P61247),RPS4X (P62701), RPS4Y1 (P22090), RPS5 (P46782), RPS6 (P62753), RPS6KA3(P51812), RPS7 (P62081), RPS8 (P62241), RPS9 (P46781), RPSA (P08865),RQCD1 (Q92600), RRAGA (Q7L523), RRAS (P10301), RRAS2 (P62070), RRBP1(Q9P2E9), RRM1 (P23921), RRM2 (P31350), RRM2B (Q7LG56), RRP12 (Q5JTH9),RRP9 (O43818), RSL1D1 (O76021), RSU1 (Q15404), RTCD1 (O00442), RTN3(O95197), RTN4 (Q9NQC3), RUVBL1 (Q9Y265), RUVBL2 (Q9Y230), RWDD2B(P57060), S100A10 (P60903), S100A11 (P31949), S100A13 (Q99584), S100A16(Q96FQ6), S100A4 (P26447), S100A6 (P06703), S100A8 (P05109), SAAL1(Q96ER3), SACS (Q9NZJ4), SAE1 (Q9UBE0), SAFB2 (Q14151), SAMHD1 (Q9Y3Z3),SAP18 (O00422), SAR1A (Q9NR31), SARM1 (Q6SZW1), SARS (P49591), SART3(Q15020), SBDS (Q9Y3A5), SBF1 (O95248), SCARB1 (Q8WTV0), SCARB2(Q14108), SCFD1 (Q8WVM8), SCLY (Q96I15), SCP2 (P22307), SCPEP1 (Q9HB40),SCRG1 (O75711), SCRIB (Q14160), SCRN1 (Q12765), SCRN2 (Q96FV2), SCYL1(Q96KG9), SCYL2 (Q6P3W7), SDC1 (P18827), SDC2 (P34741), SDCBP (O00560),SDF4 (Q9BRK5), SDHA (P31040), SDK1 (Q7Z5N4), SDSL (Q96GA7), SEC11A(P67812), SEC13 (P55735), SEC22B (O75396), SEC23A (Q15436), SEC23B(Q15437), SEC23IP (Q9Y6Y8), SEC24A (O95486), SEC24B (O95487), SEC24C(P53992), SEC24D (O94855), SEC31A (O94979), SEH1L (Q96EE3), SELH(Q8IZQ5), SEMA3A (Q14563), SEPSECS (Q9HD40), 40787 (Q9NVA2), 37500(Q15019), 38596 (Q99719), 39326 (Q16181), 39692 (Q92599), 40057(Q9UHD8), SERBP1 (Q8NC51), SERPINA1 (P01009), SERPINA3 (P01011),SERPINA7 (P05543), SERPINB6 (P35237), SERPINB8 (P50452), SERPINE1(P05121), SERPINE2 (P07093), SERPING1 (P05155), SERPINH1 (P50454), SETD3(Q86TU7), SETD7 (Q8WTS6), SF3A1 (Q15459), SF3A2 (Q15428), SF3A3(Q12874), SF3B1 (O75533), SF3B14 (Q9Y3B4), SF3B2 (Q13435), SF3B3(Q15393), SF3B4 (Q15427), SF3B5 (Q9BWJ5), SFPQ (P23246), SFRP4 (Q6FHJ7),SGTA (O43765), SH3BP4 (Q9P0V3), SH3GL1 (Q99961), SH3GLB1 (Q9Y371), SHBG(P04278), SHC1 (P29353), SHMT1 (P34896), SHMT2 (P34897), SHOC2 (Q9UQ13),SHPK (Q9UHJ6), SKIV2L (Q15477), SKIV2L2 (P42285), SKP1 (P63208), SLC16A1(P53985), SLC1A3 (P43003), SLC1A5 (Q15758), SLC29A1 (Q99808), SLC2A1(P11166), SLC31A1 (O15431), SLC3A2 (P08195), SLC44A2 (Q8IWA5), SLC5A3(P53794), SLC7A5 (Q01650), SLC9A3R1 (O14745), SLC9A3R2 (Q15599), SLIRP(Q9GZT3), SMAD4 (Q13485), SMARCA4 (P51532), SMARCA5 (O60264), SMARCC1(Q92922), SMARCC2 (Q8TAQ2), SMARCD1 (Q96GM5), SMARCD2 (Q92925), SMARCE1(Q969G3), SMC1A (Q14683), SMC2 (O95347), SMC3 (Q9UQE7), SMC4 (Q9NTJ3),SMC5 (Q8IY18), SMC6 (Q96SB8), SMCHD1 (A6NHR9), SMEK1 (Q6IN85), SMS(P52788), SMU1 (Q2TAY7), SMYD5 (Q6GMV2), SNAP23 (O00161), SNAPIN(O95295), SND1 (Q7KZF4), SNF8 (Q96H20), SNRNP200 (O75643), SNRNP40(Q96DI7), SNRPA1 (P09661), SNRPB (P14678), SNRPD1 (P62314), SNRPD2(P62316), SNRPD3 (P62318), SNRPE (P62304), SNRPF (P62306), SNRPG(P62308), SNTB1 (Q13884), SNUPN (O95149), SNX1 (Q13596), SNX12 (Q9UMY4),SNX17 (Q15036), SNX18 (Q96RF0), SNX2 (O60749), SNX27 (Q96L92), SNX3(O60493), SNX5 (Q9Y5X3), SNX6 (Q9UNH7), SNX8 (Q9Y5X2), SNX9 (Q9Y5X1),SOD1 (P00441), SORD (Q00796), SORT1 (Q99523), SPAG9 (O60271), SPC24(Q8NBT2), SPC25 (Q9HBM1), SPG21 (Q9NZD8), SPR (P35270), SPRYD4 (Q8WW59),SPTAN1 (Q13813), SPTBN1 (Q01082), SPTBN2 (O15020), SRGAP2 (O75044), SRI(P30626), SRM (P19623), SRP14 (P37108), SRP19 (P09132), SRP54 (P61011),SRP68 (Q9UHB9), SRP72 (O76094), SRP9 (P49458), SRPX (P78539), SRPX2(O60687), SRR (Q9GZT4), SRRT (Q9BXP5), SRSF1 (Q07955), SRSF11 (Q05519),SRSF2 (Q01130), SRSF3 (P84103), SRSF6 (Q13247), SRSF7 (Q16629), SRSF9(Q13242), SRXN1 (Q9BYN0), SSB (P05455), SSBP1 (Q04837), SSRP1 (Q08945),SSSCA1 (O60232), ST13 (P50502), STAG2 (Q8N3U4), STAM (Q92783), STAMBP(O95630), STAT1 (P42224), STAT3 (P40763), STIP1 (P31948), STK24(Q9Y6E0), STK25 (O00506), STK38L (Q9Y2H1), STOM (P27105), STON2(Q8WXE9), STRAP (Q9Y3F4), STUB1 (Q9UNE7), STX12 (Q86Y82), STX4 (Q12846),STX5 (Q13190), STX7 (O15400), STXBP1 (P61764), STXBP3 (O00186), STYX(Q8WUJ0), SUB1 (P53999), SUDS3 (Q9H7L9), SUGT1 (Q9Y2Z0), SUMO1 (P63165),SUPT16H (Q9Y5B9), SUPT4H1 (P63272), SUPT5H (O00267), SUPT6H (Q7KZ85),SVEP1 (Q4LDE5), SWAP70 (Q9UH65), SYMPK (Q92797), SYNCRIP (O60506), SYNE1(Q8NF91), SYNE2 (Q8WXH0), SYNGR2 (O43760), SYNJ2BP (P57105), TAB1(Q15750), TAF9 (Q9Y3D8), TAF9 (Q16594), TAGLN (Q01995), TAGLN2 (P37802),TALDO1 (P37837), TARDBP (Q13148), TARS (P26639), TATDN1 (Q6P1N9),TAX1BP3 (O14907), TBC1D13 (Q9NVG8), TBC1D15 (Q8TC07), TBC1D23 (Q9NUY8),TBC1D24 (Q9ULP9), TBC1D4 (O60343), TBC1D9B (Q66K14), TBCA (O75347), TBCB(Q99426), TBCD (Q9BTW9), TBCE (Q15813), TBL1XR1 (Q9BZK7), TCEA1(P23193), TCEB1 (Q15369), TCEB2 (Q15370), TCERG1 (O14776), TCP1(P17987), TDP2 (O95551), TEP1 (Q99973), TEX10 (Q9NXF1), TF (P02787),TFCP2 (Q12800), TFG (Q92734), TFRC (P02786), TGFB1 (P01137), TGFB2(P61812), TGFBI (Q15582), TGM1 (P22735), TH1L (Q8IXH7), THBS1 (P07996),THBS3 (P49746), THG1L (Q9NWX6), THOC2 (Q8NI27), THOC3 (Q96J01), THOC5(Q13769), THOC6 (Q86W42), THOC7 (Q6I9Y2), THOP1 (P52888), THUMPD1(Q9NXG2), THY1 (P04216), THYN1 (Q9P016), TIA1 (P31483), TIGAR (Q9NQ88),TIMM13 (Q9Y5L4), TIMM50 (Q3ZCQ8), TIMM8B (Q9Y5J9), TIMM9 (Q9Y5J7), TIMP1(P01033), TIPRL (O75663), TKT (P29401), TLN1 (Q9Y490), TLN2 (Q9Y4G6),TM9SF2 (Q99805), TM9SF3 (Q9HD45), TMED10 (P49755), TMED2 (Q15363), TMED7(Q9Y3B3), TMED9 (Q9BVK6), TMEM167A (Q8TBQ9), TMEM2 (Q9UHN6), TMEM50B(P56557), TMEM87A (Q8NBN3), TMOD3 (Q9NYL9), TNC (P24821), TNPO1(Q92973), TNPO2 (O14787), TNPO3 (Q9Y5L0), TOLLIP (Q9H0E2), TOMM20(Q15388), TOMM22 (Q9NS69), TOMM34 (Q15785), TOMM5 (Q8N4H5), TOMM70A(O94826), TOP1 (P11387), TOP2B (Q02880), TOR1B (O14657), TP53BP1(Q12888), TP53RK (Q96S44), TPI1 (P60174), TPM3 (P06753), TPM3L (A6NL28),TPM4 (P67936), TPMT (P51580), TPP1 (O14773), TPP2 (P29144), TPR(P12270), TPRG1L (Q5T0D9), TPRKB (Q9Y3C4), TPT1 (P13693), TRAF2(Q12933), TRAP1 (Q12931), TRAPPC1 (Q9Y5R8), TRAPPC2L (Q9UL33), TRAPPC3(O43617), TRAPPC4 (Q9Y296), TRAPPC5 (Q8IUR0), TRAPPC6A (O75865),TRAPPC6B (Q86SZ2), TRIM22 (Q8IYM9), TRIM25 (Q14258), TRIM28 (Q13263),TRIP12 (Q14669), TRIP13 (Q15645), TRIP6 (Q15654), TRMT1 (Q9NXH9),TRMT112 (Q9UI30), TRMT5 (Q32P41), TRMT6 (Q9UJA5), TRMT61A (Q96FX7),TRNT1 (Q96Q11), TROVE2 (P10155), TRRAP (Q9Y4A5), TSG101 (Q99816), TSKU(Q8WUA8), TSPAN14 (Q8NG11), TSPAN4 (O14817), TSPAN5 (P62079), TSPAN6(O43657), TSPAN9 (O75954), TSSC1 (Q53HC9), TSTA3 (Q13630), TTC1(Q99614), TTC37 (Q6PGP7), TTC38 (Q5R3I4), TTC5 (Q8N0Z6), TTC9C (Q8N5M4),TTL (Q8NG68), TTLL12 (Q14166), TTN (Q8WZ42), TTR (P02766), TTYH1(Q9H313), TTYH2 (Q9BSA4), TTYH3 (Q9C0H2), TUBA1B (P68363), TUBA1C(Q9BQE3), TUBB (P07437), TUBB2A (Q13885), TUBB2B (Q9BVA1), TUBB2C(P68371), TUBB3 (Q13509), TUBB4 (P04350), TUBB6 (Q9BUF5), TUBG1(P23258), TUBGCP2 (Q9BSJ2), TUBGCP3 (Q96CW5), TWF1 (Q12792), TWF2(Q6IBS0), TXN (P10599), TXNDC17 (Q9BRA2), TXNDC9 (O14530), TXNL1(O43396), TXNL4B (Q9NX01), TXNRD1 (Q16881), TYMS (P04818), U2AF1(Q01081), U2AF2 (P26368), UAP1 (Q16222), UBA1 (P22314), UBA2 (Q9UBT2),UBA3 (Q8TBC4), UBA5 (Q9GZZ9), UBA6 (A0AVT1), UBE2D1 (P51668), UBE2D3(P61077), UBE2E1 (P51965), UBE2G2 (P60604), UBE2I (P63279), UBE2J2(Q8N2K1), UBE2K (P61086), UBE2L3 (P68036), UBE2M (P61081), UBE2N(P61088), UBE2O (Q9C0C9), UBE2V1 (Q13404), UBE2V2 (Q15819), UBE2Z(Q9H832), UBE3A (Q05086), UBE4A (Q14139), UBE4B (O95155), UBL3 (O95164),UBL4A (P11441), UBL5 (Q9BZL1), UBR1 (Q8IWV7), UBR4 (Q5T4S7), UBTD1(Q9HAC8), UBXN1 (Q04323), UCHL1 (P09936), UCHL3 (P15374), UCHL5(Q9Y5K5), UCK2 (Q9BZX2), UFC1 (Q9Y3C8), UFD1L (Q92890), UFSP2 (Q9NUQ7),UGDH (O60701), UGP2 (Q16851), UMPS (P11172), UNC119B (A6NIH7), UNC45A(Q9H3U1), UPF1 (Q92900), UPP1 (Q16831), UROD (P06132), UROS (P10746),USO1 (O60763), USP10 (Q14694), USP11 (P51784), USP14 (P54578), USP15(Q9Y4E8), USP24 (Q9UPU5), USP39 (Q53GS9), USP5 (P45974), USP7 (Q93009),USP9X (Q93008), UTP15 (Q8TED0), UXS1 (Q8NBZ7), UXT (Q9UBK9), VAC14(Q08AM6), VAMP3 (Q15836), VAMP5 (O95183), VAPA (Q9P0L0), VAPB (O95292),VARS (P26640), VASN (Q6EMK4), VASP (P50552), VAT1 (Q99536), VAV2(P52735), VBP1 (P61758), VCAN (P13611), VCL (P18206), VCP (P55072), VIM(P08670), VPRBP (Q9Y4B6), VPS11 (Q9H270), VPS13C (Q709C8), VPS16(Q9H269), VPS18 (Q9P253), VPS24 (Q9Y3E7), VPS25 (Q9BRG1), VPS26A(O75436), VPS26B (Q4G0F5), VPS28 (Q9UK41), VPS29 (Q9UBQ0), VPS33A(Q96AX1), VPS33B (Q9H267), VPS35 (Q96QK1), VPS36 (Q86VN1), VPS37B(Q9H9H4), VPS39 (Q96JC1), VPS45 (Q9NRW7), VPS4A (Q9UN37), VPS4B(O75351), VPS53 (Q5VIR6), VRK1 (Q99986), VTA1 (Q9NP79), VWA1 (Q6PCB0),VWA5A (O00534), WARS (P23381), WASF1 (Q92558), WASL (O00401), WDFY1(Q8IWB7), WDR1 (O75083), WDR11 (Q9BZH6), WDR12 (Q9GZL7), WDR18 (Q9BV38),WDR26 (Q9H7D7), WDR33 (Q9C0J8), WDR4 (P57081), WDR43 (Q15061), WDR45L(Q5MNZ6), WDR48 (Q8TAF3), WDR5 (P61964), WDR54 (Q9H977), WDR55 (Q9H6Y2),WDR59 (Q6PJI9), WDR6 (Q9NNW5), WDR61 (Q9GZS3), WDR73 (Q6P4I2), WDR77(Q9BQA1), WDR82 (Q6UXN9), WDR91 (A4D1P6), WDR92 (Q96MX6), WNK1 (Q9H4A3),XPNPEP1 (Q9NQW7), XPO1 (O14980), XPO4 (Q9C0E2), XPO5 (Q9HAV4), XPO6(Q96QU8), XPO7 (Q9UIA9), XPOT (O43592), XRCC1 (P18887), XRCC5 (P13010),XRCC6 (P12956), XRN2 (Q9H0D6), YARS (P54577), YBX1 (P67809), YEATS4(O95619), YES1 (P07947), YIPF4 (Q9BSR8), YKT6 (O15498), YPEL5 (P62699),YRDC (Q86U90), YTHDF2 (Q9Y5A9), YWHAB (P31946), YWHAE (P62258), YWHAG(P61981), YWHAH (Q04917), YWHAQ (P27348), YWHAZ (P63104), ZC3HAV1L(Q96H79), ZCCHC3 (Q9NUD5), ZER1 (Q7Z7L7), ZFPL1 (O95159), ZFR (Q96KR1),ZMAT2 (Q96NC0), ZNF259 (O75312), ZW10 (O43264), ZWILCH (Q9H900), ZYG11B(Q9C0D3), ZYX (Q15942), ZZEF1 (O43149).

TABLE 19 100 most abundant proteins (name and SwissProt accessionnumber) observed in CTX0E03 exosomes Identified proteins Accessionnumber Actin, cytoplasmic 2 P63261 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase P04406 Histone H4 P62805 Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2P14618 Alpha-enolase P06733 Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta P08238Ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a P62979 Heat shock cognate 71 kDaprotein P11142 Haptoglobin P00738 Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha P07900Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 P00558 Actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 P6803240S ribosomal protein S3 P23396 Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 P68104GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran P62826 Histone H2B type 1-M Q99879Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A P62937 Profilin-1 P07737Elongation factor 2 P13639 Fatty acid synthase P49327 Tubulin beta-2Cchain P68371 Tubulin alpha-1B chain P68363 Tubulin beta chain P07437 40Sribosomal protein S11 P62280 Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I P60842T-complex protein 1 subunit theta P50990 14-3-3 protein theta P27348 40Sribosomal protein S18 P62269 Tubulin beta-3 chain Q13509 T-complexprotein 1 subunit beta P78371 40S ribosomal protein S16 P62249 Heatshock 70 kDa protein 1A/1B P08107 Histone H3.2 Q71DI3 TransketolaseP29401 40S ribosomal protein SA P08865 Clusterin P10909 Fattyacid-binding protein, brain O15540 Hemopexin P02790 T-complex protein 1subunit gamma P49368 Tubulin beta-2B chain Q9BVA1 AdenosylhomocysteinaseP23526 T-complex protein 1 subunit eta Q99832 40S ribosomal protein S15aP62244 T-complex protein 1 subunit delta P50991 Vimentin P08670 Guaninenucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-2- P63244 like 1Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 3 Q14195 Elongation factor 1-gammaP26641 Fascin Q16658 Creatine kinase B-type P12277 X-ray repaircross-complementing protein 5 P13010 40S ribosomal protein S2 P15880Histone H2A type 2-A Q6FI13 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform P6270114-3-3 protein zeta/delta P63104 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteinA1 P09651 CD81 antigen P60033 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14 P02533ATP-citrate synthase P53396 40S ribosomal protein S9 P46781 Transgelin-2P37802 Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A P04075 Ubiquitin-likemodifier-activating enzyme 1 P22314 Peroxiredoxin-1 Q06830 40S ribosomalprotein S5 P46782 T-complex protein 1 subunit epsilon P48643 60Sribosomal protein L30 P62888 T-complex protein 1 subunit alpha P1798760S ribosomal protein L12 P30050 Cofilin-1 P23528 Heterogeneous nuclearribonucleoproteins A2/B1 P22626 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor5A-1 P63241 Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 P18669 Clathrin heavy chain 1Q00610 Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 Q16555 60S ribosomalprotein L35a P18077 T-complex protein 1 subunit zeta P40227 Carbonylreductase [NADPH] 1 P16152 40S ribosomal protein S3a P61247 Ferritinheavy chain P02794 Annexin A2 P07355 Myosin light polypeptide 6 P60660Major vault protein Q14764 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0Q14103 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 P05388 X-ray repaircross-complementing protein 6 P12956 40S ribosomal protein S20 P60866Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 Q99873 40S ribosomal protein S10P46783 Transaldolase P37837 Histone H2B type 1- P23527 Triosephosphateisomerase P60174 Protein S100-A6 P06703 40S ribosomal protein S17 P08708CD9 antigen P21926 Filamin-A P21333 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomeraseFKBP4 Q02790 Programmed cell death 6-interacting protein Q8WUM4Glutathione S-transferase P P09211 14-3-3 protein epsilon P62258

Microvesicles

2940 proteins were identified by Mass spectrometry in Microvesiclesisolated from the initial stages of an Integra culture (week 2) andpurified by centrifugation at 10,000×g. The gene names and correspondingSWISSPROT accession numbers (in brackets) of all 2940 proteins arelisted in Table 20 (in alphabetical order of gene name) and the 100 mostabundant proteins are listed in Table 21, in order of decreasingabundance.

TABLE 20 Gene names and SWISSPROT accession numbers of all 2940 proteinsidentified in CTX0E03 microvesicles (listed in alphabetical order ofgene name). A1BG (P04217), AACS (Q86V21), AAMP (Q13685), AARS (P49588),AARSD1 (Q9BTE6), AASDHPPT (Q9NRN7), ABCA3 (Q99758), ABCC1 (P33527),ABCC4 (O15439), ABCE1 (P61221), ABCF1 (Q8NE71), ABCF2 (Q9UG63), ABCF3(Q9NUQ8), ABHD14B (Q96IU4), ABI1 (Q8IZP0), ABR (Q12979), ACAA1 (P09110),ACAA2 (P42765), ACACA (Q13085), ACADM (P11310), ACADVL (P49748), ACAT1(P24752), ACAT2 (Q9BWD1), ACBD6 (Q9BR61), ACBD7 (Q8N6N7), ACLY (P53396),ACO1 (P21399), ACO2 (Q99798), ACOT1 (Q86TX2), ACOT13 (Q9NPJ3), ACOT7(O00154), ACOX1 (Q15067), ACOX3 (O15254), ACP1 (P24666), ACSL1 (P33121),ACSL3 (O95573), ACSL4 (O60488), ACSS2 (Q9NR19), ACTC1 (P68032), ACTG1(P63261), ACTL6A (O96019), ACTN1 (P12814), ACTN4 (O43707), ACTR10(Q9NZ32), ACTR1A (P61163), ACTR1B (P42025), ACTR2 (P61160), ACTR3(P61158), ACY1 (Q03154), ADAM10 (O14672), ADAM9 (Q13443), ADAMTS15(Q8TE58), ADAMTS16 (Q8TE57), ADAR (P55265), ADD1 (P35611), ADD3(Q9UEY8), ADH5 (P11766), ADK (P55263), ADO (Q96SZ5), ADPRH (P54922),ADRBK1 (P25098), ADRM1 (Q16186), ADSL (P30566), ADSS (P30520), AEBP1(Q8IUX7), AFM (P43652), AGL (P35573), AGPS (O00116), AGRN (O00468), AHCY(P23526), AHCYL1 (O43865), AHNAK (Q09666), AHNAK2 (Q8IVF2), AHSA1(O95433), AHSG (P02765), AIDA (Q96BJ3), AIFM1 (O95831), AIMP1 (Q12904),AIMP2 (Q13155), AIP (O00170), AK1 (P00568), AK2 (P54819), AK3 (Q9UIJ7),AK4 (P27144), AKAP12 (Q02952), AKAP9 (Q99996), AKR1A1 (P14550), AKR1B1(P15121), AKR1C1 (Q04828), AKR7A2 (O43488), AKR7A3 (O95154), AKT1(P31749), ALCAM (Q13740), ALDH16A1 (Q8IZ83), ALDH18A1 (P54886), ALDH2(P05091), ALDH3A1 (P30838), ALDH7A1 (P49419), ALDH9A1 (P49189), ALDOA(P04075), ALDOC (P09972), ALKBH2 (Q6NS38), ALOX12B (O75342), AMDHD2(Q9Y303), AMPD2 (Q01433), ANAPC1 (Q9H1A4), ANAPC4 (Q9UJX5), ANAPC5(Q9UJX4), ANAPC7 (Q9UJX3), ANKFY1 (Q9P2R3), ANKRD17 (O75179), ANKRD28(O15084), ANKRD52 (Q8NB46), ANP32A (P39687), ANP32B (Q92688), ANP32E(Q9BTT0), ANXA1 (P04083), ANXA11 (P50995), ANXA2 (P07355), ANXA3(P12429), ANXA4 (P09525), ANXA5 (P08758), ANXA6 (P08133), ANXA7(P20073), AP1B1 (Q10567), AP1G1 (O43747), AP1M1 (Q9BXS5), AP1S2(P56377), AP2A1 (O95782), AP2A2 (O94973), AP2B1 (P63010), AP2M1(Q96CW1), AP2S1 (P53680), AP3B1 (O00203), AP3D1 (O14617), AP3M1(Q9Y2T2), AP3S1 (Q92572), AP4S1 (Q9Y587), APEH (P13798), APEX1 (P27695),API5 (Q9BZZ5), APIP (Q96GX9), APMAP (Q9HDC9), APOA2 (P02652), APOBEC3C(Q9NRW3), APOH (P02749), APOL2 (Q9BQE5), APPL1 (Q9UKG1), APRT (P07741),AQR (O60306), ARAF (P10398), ARCN1 (P48444), ARF1 (P84077), ARF4(P18085), ARF6 (P62330), ARFGAP2 (Q8N6H7), ARFIP1 (P53367), ARFIP2(P53365), ARG1 (P05089), ARHGAP1 (Q07960), ARHGAP5 (Q13017), ARHGDIA(P52565), ARHGEF1 (Q92888), ARHGEF10 (O15013), ARHGEF6 (Q15052), ARHGEF7(Q14155), ARIH1 (Q9Y4X5), ARIH2 (O95376), ARL1 (P40616), ARL2 (P36404),ARL3 (P36405), ARL6IP1 (Q15041), ARL8A (Q96BM9), ARL8B (Q9NVJ2), ARMC10(Q8N2F6), ARMC6 (Q6NXE6), ARMC8 (Q8IUR7), ARMC9 (Q7Z3E5), ARPC1A(Q92747), ARPC1B (O15143), ARPC2 (O15144), ARPC3 (O15145), ARPC4(P59998), ARPC5 (O15511), ARPC5L (Q9BPX5), ASAH1 (Q13510), ASCC1(Q8N9N2), ASCC3 (Q8N3C0), ASMTL (O95671), ASNA1 (O43681), ASNS (P08243),ASPSCR1 (Q9BZE9), ASS1 (P00966), ATAD3A (Q9NVI7), ATE1 (O95260), ATG101(Q9BSB4), ATG16L1 (Q676U5), ATG3 (Q9NT62), ATG4B (Q9Y4P1), ATG7(O95352), ATIC (P31939), ATL3 (Q6DD88), ATM (Q13315), ATOX1 (O00244),ATP1A1 (P05023), ATP1B1 (P05026), ATP1B3 (P54709), ATP2A2 (P16615),ATP2B1 (P20020), ATP2B4 (P23634), ATP5A1 (P25705), ATP5B (P06576),ATP5C1 (P36542), ATP5E (P56381), ATP5F1 (P24539), ATP5H (O75947), ATP5I(P56385), ATP5L (O75964), ATP5O (P48047), ATP6AP1 (Q15904), ATP6AP2(O75787), ATP6V0A1 (Q93050), ATP6V0D1 (P61421), ATP6V1A (P38606),ATP6V1B2 (P21281), ATP6V1C1 (P21283), ATP6V1D (Q9Y5K8), ATP6V1E1(P36543), ATP6V1G1 (O75348), ATP6V1H (Q9UI12), ATR (Q13535), ATRN(O75882), ATXN10 (Q9UBB4), B2M (P61769), B3GAT3 (O94766), B3GNT1(O43505), BAG2 (O95816), BAG5 (Q9UL15), BAIAP2 (Q9UQB8), BANF1 (O75531),BAT1 (Q13838), BAT3 (P46379), BCAM (P50895), BCAS2 (O75934), BCAT1(P54687), BCCIP (Q9P287), BCL2L12 (Q9HB09), BDH2 (Q9BUT1), BICD2(Q8TD16), BLMH (Q13867), BLVRA (P53004), BLVRB (P30043), BMP1 (P13497),BOLA2 (Q9H3K6), BOP1 (Q14137), BPGM (P07738), BPNT1 (O95861), BRCC3(P46736), BRE (Q9NXR7), BRIX1 (Q8TDN6), BROX (Q5VW32), BRP16L (P0CB43),BSG (P35613), BST1 (Q10588), BTAF1 (O14981), BUB3 (O43684), BUD31(P41223), BYSL (Q13895), BZW1 (Q7L1Q6), BZW2 (Q9Y6E2), C10orf119(Q9BTE3), C10orf58 (Q9BRX8), C10orf76 (Q5T2E6), C11orf54 (Q9H0W9),C11orf68 (Q9H3H3), C12orf10 (Q9HB07), C12orf57 (Q99622), C14orf149(Q96EM0), C14orf166 (Q9Y224), C14orf21 (Q86U38), C15orf58 (Q6ZNW5),C16orf13 (Q96S19), C16orf61 (Q9NRP2), C16orf80 (Q9Y6A4), C18orf21(Q32NC0), C18orf8 (Q96DM3), C1orf123 (Q9NWV4), C1orf128 (Q9GZP4),C1orf57 (Q9BSD7), C20orf11 (Q9NWU2), C20orf4 (Q9Y312), C21orf33(P30042), C21orf59 (P57076), C22orf28 (Q9Y3I0), C3orf10 (Q8WUW1),C3orf26 (Q9BQ75), C3orf75 (Q0PNE2), C4orf27 (Q9NWY4), C4orf41 (Q7Z392),C4orf43 (Q96EY4), C5orf33 (Q4G0N4), C6orf211 (Q9H993), C7orf28B(P86790), C7orf50 (Q9BRJ6), C7orf59 (Q0VGL1), C8orf33 (Q9H7E9), C9orf142(Q9BUH6), C9orf23 (Q8N5L8), C9orf41 (Q8N4J0), C9orf64 (Q5T6V5), CA11(O75493), CA12 (O43570), CA2 (P00918), CAB39 (Q9Y376), CACNA2D1(P54289), CACYBP (Q9HB71), CAD (P27708), CADM1 (Q9BY67), CADM4 (Q8NFZ8),CALB1 (P05937), CALD1 (Q05682), CALM1 (P62158), CALR (P27797), CALU(O43852), CAMK1 (Q14012), CAMK2D (Q13557), CAMKV (Q8NCB2), CAND1(Q86VP6), CANX (P27824), CAP1 (Q01518), CAPN1 (P07384), CAPN2 (P17655),CAPN5 (O15484), CAPN7 (Q9Y6W3), CAPNS1 (P04632), CAPRIN1 (Q14444), CAPS(Q13938), CAPZA1 (P52907), CAPZA2 (P47755), CAPZB (P47756), CARHSP1(Q9Y2V2), CARKD (Q8IW45), CARM1 (Q86X55), CARS (P49589), CASK (O14936),CASP14 (P31944), CASP3 (P42574), CASP7 (P55210), CAT (P04040), CBFB(Q13951), CBR1 (P16152), CBR3 (O75828), CBS (P35520), CBX1 (P83916),CBX3 (Q13185), CBX5 (P45973), CC2D1A (Q6P1N0), CCAR1 (Q8IX12), CCBL2(Q6YP21), CCDC102B (Q68D86), CCDC22 (O60826), CCDC25 (Q86WR0), CCDC93(Q567U6), CCND2 (P30279), CCNY (Q8ND76), CCT2 (P78371), CCT3 (P49368),CCT4 (P50991), CCT5 (P48643), CCT6A (P40227), CCT7 (Q99832), CCT8(P50990), CD109 (Q6YHK3), CD151 (P48509), CD276 (Q5ZPR3), CD44 (P16070),CD46 (P15529), CD47 (Q08722), CD58 (P19256), CD59 (P13987), CD63(P08962), CD81 (P60033), CD9 (P21926), CD97 (P48960), CD99 (P14209),CDC123 (O75794), CDC16 (Q13042), CDC23 (Q9UJX2), CDC34 (P49427), CDC37(Q16543), CDC40 (O60508), CDC42 (P60953), CDC42BPB (Q9Y5S2), CDC5L(Q99459), CDCP1 (Q9H5V8), CDH2 (P19022), CDK1 (P06493), CDK2 (P24941),CDK4 (P11802), CDK5 (Q00535), CDK5RAP3 (Q96JB5), CDK7 (P50613), CDKN2A(P42771), CDKN2AIP (Q9NXV6), CECR5 (Q9BXW7), CELF1 (Q92879), CELSR1(Q9NYQ6), CELSR2 (Q9HCU4), CFL1 (P23528), CFL2 (Q9Y281), CHCHD3(Q9NX63), CHD4 (Q14839), CHEK2 (O96017), CHERP (Q8IWX8), CHID1 (Q9BWS9),CHMP1A (Q9HD42), CHMP1B (Q7LBR1), CHMP2A (O43633), CHMP4A (Q9BY43),CHMP4B (Q9H444), CHMP5 (Q9NZZ3), CHMP6 (Q96FZ7), CHN1 (P15882), CHORDC1(Q9UHD1), CHP (Q99653), CHRAC1 (Q9NRG0), CHST3 (Q7LGC8), CIAO1 (O76071),CIAPIN1 (Q6FI81), CIRBP (Q14011), CIRH1A (Q969X6), CISD2 (Q8N5K1), CKAP4(Q07065), CKAP5 (Q14008), CKB (P12277), CLASP1 (Q7Z460), CLIC1 (O00299),CLIC4 (Q9Y696), CLLD6 (Q5W111), CLNS1A (P54105), CLPB (Q9H078), CLTA(P09496), CLTC (Q00610), CLTCL1 (P53675), CLU (P10909), CMBL (Q96DG6),CMC1 (Q7Z7K0), CMPK1 (P30085), CMTM6 (Q9NX76), CNBP (P62633), CNDP2(Q96KP4), CNN2 (Q99439), CNN3 (Q15417), CNNM3 (Q8NE01), CNOT1 (A5YKK6),CNOT10 (Q9H9A5), CNOT6L (Q96LI5), CNP (P09543), COASY (Q13057), COBRA1(Q8WX92), COG1 (Q8WTW3), COG3 (Q96JB2), COG4 (Q9H9E3), COG5 (Q9UP83),COG6 (Q9Y2V7), COL11A1 (P12107), COL14A1 (Q05707), COL18A1 (P39060),COL6A1 (P12109), COMMD10 (Q9Y6G5), COMMD2 (Q86X83), COMMD3 (Q9UBI1),COMMD5 (Q9GZQ3), COMMD8 (Q9NX08), COMMD9 (Q9P000), COMT (P21964), COPA(P53621), COPB1 (P53618), COPB2 (P35606), COPE (O14579), COPG (Q9Y678),COPG2 (Q9UBF2), COPS2 (P61201), COPS3 (Q9UNS2), COPS4 (Q9BT78), COPS5(Q92905), COPS6 (Q7L5N1), COPS7A (Q9UBW8), COPS7B (Q9H9Q2), COPS8(Q99627), CORO1B (Q9BR76), CORO1C (Q9ULV4), CORO2B (Q9UQ03), CORO7(P57737), COTL1 (Q14019), COX4NB (O43402), COX5A (P20674), COX5B(P10606), COX6C (P09669), CP (P00450), CPD (O75976), CPNE1 (Q99829),CPNE2 (Q96FN4), CPNE3 (O75131), CPNE4 (Q96A23), CPNE7 (Q9UBL6), CPOX(P36551), CPSF1 (Q10570), CPSF2 (Q9P2I0), CPSF3 (Q9UKF6), CPSF3L(Q5TA45), CPSF6 (Q16630), CPSF7 (Q8N684), CPXM1 (Q96SM3), CRABP2(P29373), CRIP2 (P52943), CRK (P46108), CRLF3 (Q8IUI8), CRNKL1 (Q9BZJ0),CRTAP (O75718), CRYAB (P02511), CRYM (Q14894), CRYZ (Q08257), CRYZL1(O95825), CS (O75390), CSDE1 (O75534), CSE1L (P55060), CSK (P41240),CSNK1A1 (P48729), CSNK2A1 (P68400), CSNK2A2 (P19784), CSNK2B (P67870),CSRP1 (P21291), CSRP2 (Q16527), CSTB (P04080), CSTF1 (Q05048), CSTF2T(Q9H0L4), CSTF3 (Q12996), CTBP1 (Q13363), CTBP2 (P56545), CTNNA1(P35221), CTNNAL1 (Q9UBT7), CTNNB1 (P35222), CTNNBL1 (Q8WYA6), CTNND1(O60716), CTPS (P17812), CTPS2 (Q9NRF8), CTR9 (Q6PD62), CTSC (P53634),CTSD (P07339), CTSF (Q9UBX1), CTSL2 (O60911), CTTN (Q14247), CTU1(Q7Z7A3), CUL1 (Q13616), CUL2 (Q13617), CUL3 (Q13618), CUL4A (Q13619),CUL4B (Q13620), CUL5 (Q93034), CUL7 (Q14999), CXADR (P78310), CXCL14(O95715), CXorf26 (Q9BVG4), CXorf38 (Q8TB03), CYB5R3 (P00387), CYC1(P08574), CYCS (P99999), CYFIP1 (Q7L576), CYFIP2 (Q96F07), CYR61(O00622), DAB1 (O75553), DAD1 (P61803), DAG1 (Q14118), DAK (Q3LXA3),DAPK3 (O43293), DARS (P14868), DAZAP1 (Q96EP5), DBI (P07108), DBN1(Q16643), DBNL (Q9UJU6), DCAF7 (P61962), DCAF8 (Q5TAQ9), DCBLD2(Q96PD2), DCK (P27707), DCLK1 (O15075), DCPS (Q96C86), DCTD (P32321),DCTN1 (Q14203), DCTN2 (Q13561), DCTN3 (O75935), DCTN4 (Q9UJW0), DCTN5(Q9BTE1), DCTN6 (O00399), DCUN1D1 (Q96GG9), DCUN1D3 (Q8IWE4), DCUN1D5(Q9BTE7), DCXR (Q7Z4W1), DDA1 (Q9BW61), DDAH1 (O94760), DDAH2 (O95865),DDB1 (Q16531), DDB2 (Q92466), DDI2 (Q5TDH0), DDOST (P39656), DDR1(Q08345), DDT (P30046), DDX1 (Q92499), DDX17 (Q92841), DDX18 (Q9NVP1),DDX19A (Q9NUU7), DDX20 (Q9UHI6), DDX21 (Q9NR30), DDX23 (Q9BUQ8), DDX24(Q9GZR7), DDX27 (Q96GQ7), DDX39 (O00148), DDX3X (O00571), DDX46(Q7L014), DDX47 (Q9H0S4), DDX49 (Q9Y6V7), DDX5 (P17844), DDX50 (Q9BQ39),DDX51 (Q8N8A6), DDX52 (Q9Y2R4), DDX54 (Q8TDD1), DDX55 (Q8NHQ9), DDX56(Q9NY93), DDX6 (P26196), DECR1 (Q16698), DECR2 (Q9NUI1), DEF (Q68CQ4),DEK (P35659), DENR (O43583), DERA (Q9Y315), DFFA (O00273), DFFB(O76075), DHCR24 (Q15392), DHCR7 (Q9UBM7), DHFR (P00374), DHPS (P49366),DHRS11 (Q6UWP2), DHRS4 (Q9BTZ2), DHX15 (O43143), DHX16 (O60231), DHX29(Q7Z478), DHX30 (Q7L2E3), DHX32 (Q7L7V1), DHX36 (Q9H2U1), DHX37(Q8IY37), DHX38 (Q92620), DHX9 (Q08211), DIAPH1 (O60610), DIAPH2(O60879), DIMT1L (Q9UNQ2), DIP2A (Q14689), DIP2B (Q9P265), DIP2C(Q9Y2E4), DIS3 (Q9Y2L1), DIS3L2 (Q8IYB7), DKC1 (O60832), DLAT (P10515),DLD (P09622), DLG1 (Q12959), DLGAP4 (Q9Y2H0), DLST (P36957), DMD(P11532), DNAJA1 (P31689), DNAJA2 (O60884), DNAJB1 (P25685), DNAJB11(Q9UBS4), DNAJB4 (Q9UDY4), DNAJB6 (O75190), DNAJC13 (O75165), DNAJC2(Q99543), DNAJC3 (Q13217), DNAJC7 (Q99615), DNASE1L1 (P49184), DNM1(Q05193), DNM1L (O00429), DNM2 (P50570), DNMT1 (P26358), DNPEP (Q9ULA0),DOCK1 (Q14185), DOCK4 (Q8N1I0), DOCK5 (Q9H7D0), DOCK7 (Q96N67), DOCK9(Q9BZ29), DOHH (Q9BU89), DPCD (Q9BVM2), DPH2 (Q9BQC3), DPH5 (Q9H2P9),DPM1 (O60762), DPM3 (Q9P2X0), DPP3 (Q9NY33), DPP9 (Q86TI2), DPY30(Q9C005), DPYSL2 (Q16555), DPYSL3 (Q14195), DPYSL4 (O14531), DPYSL5(Q9BPU6), DRG1 (Q9Y295), DRG2 (P55039), DSC1 (Q08554), DSG1 (Q02413),DSP (P15924), DST (Q03001), DSTN (P60981), DTD1 (Q8TEA8), DTNA (Q9Y4J8),DTYMK (P23919), DUS2L (Q9NX74), DUS3L (Q96G46), DUSP12 (Q9UNI6), DUSP3(P51452), DYM (Q7RTS9), DYNC1H1 (Q14204), DYNC1I2 (Q13409), DYNC1LI1(Q9Y6G9), DYNC1LI2 (O43237), DYNC2H1 (Q8NCM8), DYNLL1 (P63167), DYNLL2(Q96FJ2), DYNLRB1 (Q9NP97), DYNLT1 (P63172), EBNA1BP2 (Q99848), ECE1(P42892), ECHDC1 (Q9NTX5), ECHS1 (P30084), ECM29 (Q5VYK3), EDC3(Q96F86), EDC4 (Q6P2E9), EEA1 (Q15075), EEF1A1 (P68104), EEF1B2(P24534), EEF1D (P29692), EEF1E1 (O43324), EEF1G (P26641), EEF2(P13639), EEF2K (O00418), EEFSEC (P57772), EFEMP2 (O95967), EFHD2(Q96C19), EFTUD1 (Q7Z2Z2), EFTUD2 (Q15029), EGFR (P00533), EHD1(Q9H4M9), EHD2 (Q9NZN4), EHD3 (Q9NZN3), EHD4 (Q9H223), EIF1AX (P47813),EIF2A (Q9BY44), EIF2AK2 (P19525), EIF2AK4 (Q9P2K8), EIF2B1 (Q14232),EIF2B2 (P49770), EIF2B3 (Q9NR50), EIF2B4 (Q9UI10), EIF2B5 (Q13144),EIF2C1 (Q9UL18), EIF2C2 (Q9UKV8), EIF2S1 (P05198), EIF2S2 (P20042),EIF2S3 (P41091), EIF3A (Q14152), EIF3B (P55884), EIF3C (Q99613), EIF3D(O15371), EIF3E (P60228), EIF3F (O00303), EIF3G (O75821), EIF3H(O15372), EIF3I (Q13347), EIF3J (O75822), EIF3K (Q9UBQ5), EIF3L(Q9Y262), EIF3M (Q7L2H7), EIF4A1 (P60842), EIF4A2 (Q14240), EIF4A3(P38919), EIF4E (P06730), EIF4G1 (Q04637), EIF4G2 (P78344), EIF4H(Q15056), EIF5 (P55010), EIF5A (P63241), EIF5B (O60841), EIF6 (P56537),ELAC2 (Q9BQ52), ELAVL1 (Q15717), ELMO2 (Q96JJ3), ELP2 (Q6IA86), ELP3(Q9H9T3), EMD (P50402), EMG1 (Q92979), EML1 (O00423), EML2 (O95834),EML3 (Q32P44), EML4 (Q9HC35), ENAH (Q8N8S7), ENC1 (O14682), ENO1(P06733), ENO2 (P09104), ENOPH1 (Q9UHY7), ENY2 (Q9NPA8), EPB41L2(O43491), EPB41L3 (Q9Y2J2), EPDR1 (Q9UM22), EPHA2 (P29317), EPHB2(P29323), EPHB3 (P54753), EPHB4 (P54760), EPHX1 (P07099), EPM2AIP1(Q7L775), EPN1 (Q9Y6I3), EPRS (P07814), ERBB2IP (Q96RT1), ERGIC1(Q969X5), ERH (P84090), ERI1 (Q8IV48), ERI3 (O43414), ERLIN2 (O94905),ERO1L (Q96HE7), ERP29 (P30040), ERP44 (Q9BS26), ESD (P10768), ESYT1(Q9BSJ8), ETF1 (P62495), ETFA (P13804), ETFB (P38117), EXOC1 (Q9NV70),EXOC2 (Q96KP1), EXOC3 (O60645), EXOC4 (Q96A65), EXOC5 (O00471), EXOC6(Q8TAG9), EXOC6B (Q9Y2D4), EXOC7 (Q9UPT5), EXOC8 (Q8IYI6), EXOSC1(Q9Y3B2), EXOSC10 (Q01780), EXOSC2 (Q13868), EXOSC3 (Q9NQT5), EXOSC4(Q9NPD3), EXOSC5 (Q9NQT4), EXOSC6 (Q5RKV6), EXOSC7 (Q15024), EXOSC8(Q96B26), EXOSC9 (Q06265), EZR (P15311), F11R (Q9Y624), F8 (P00451),F8A1 (P23610), FABP5 (Q01469), FABP7 (O15540), FADD (Q13158), FAH(P16930), FAHD1 (Q6P587), FAHD2A (Q96GK7), FAM115A (Q9Y4C2), FAM120A(Q9NZB2), FAM125A (Q96EY5), FAM127A (A6ZKI3), FAM129A (Q9BZQ8), FAM129B(Q96TA1), FAM136A (Q96C01), FAM175B (Q15018), FAM3C (Q92520), FAM45B(Q6NSW5), FAM49B (Q9NUQ9), FAM82B (Q96DB5), FAM84B (Q96KN1), FAM96B(Q9Y3D0), FAM98A (Q8NCA5), FAM98B (Q52LJ0), FANCI (Q9NVI1), FAR1(Q8WVX9), FARP1 (Q9Y4F1), FARP2 (O94887), FARSA (Q9Y285), FARSB(Q9NSD9), FAS (P25445), FASN (P49327), FAT1 (Q14517), FAU (P62861), FBL(P22087), FBLN2 (P98095), FBN1 (P35555), FBN2 (P35556), FBXL18 (Q96ME1),FBXO21 (O94952), FBXO22 (Q8NEZ5), FBXW11 (Q9UKB1), FCF1 (Q9Y324), FDFT1(P37268), FDPS (P14324), FDXR (P22570), FEN1 (P39748), FERMT1 (Q9BQL6),FERMT2 (Q96AC1), FFR (Q9UID3), FGFBP3 (Q8TAT2), FH (P07954), FHL1(Q13642), FHL2 (Q14192), FHL3 (Q13643), FIBP (O43427), FKBP10 (Q96AY3),FKBP1A (P62942), FKBP2 (P26885), FKBP3 (Q00688), FKBP4 (Q02790), FKBP5(Q13451), FLG (P20930), FLG2 (Q5D862), FLII (Q13045), FLNA (P21333),FLNB (O75369), FLNC (Q14315), FLOT1 (O75955), FLOT2 (Q14254), FMNL2(Q96PY5), FN3K (Q9H479), FN3KRP (Q9HA64), FNTA (P49354), FNTB (P49356),FOLR1 (P15328), FREM2 (Q5SZK8), FRG1 (Q14331), FRMD5 (Q7Z6J6), FRMD8(Q9BZ67), FRYL (O94915), FSCN1 (Q16658), FSD1 (Q9BTV5), FTH1 (P02794),FTL (P02792), FTO (Q9C0B1), FTSJD2 (Q8N1G2), FUBP1 (Q96AE4), FUBP3(Q96I24), FUCA2 (Q9BTY2), FUK (Q8N0W3), FUS (P35637), FXR1 (P51114),FXR2 (P51116), FYCO1 (Q9BQS8), FYN (P06241), G3BP1 (Q13283), G3BP2(Q9UN86), G6PD (P11413), GAA (P10253), GALK1 (P51570), GALK2 (Q01415),GALNT1 (Q10472), GALNT2 (Q10471), GALNT7 (Q86SF2), GAN (Q9H2C0), GANAB(Q14697), GAP43 (P17677), GAPDH (P04406), GAPVD1 (Q14C86), GAR1(Q9NY12), GARS (P41250), GART (P22102), GATSL2 (A6NHX0), GBA (P04062),GBE1 (Q04446), GBF1 (Q92538), GCDH (Q92947), GCLC (P48506), GCLM(P48507), GCN1L1 (Q92616), GDI1 (P31150), GDI2 (P50395), GEMIN4(P57678), GEMIN5 (Q8TEQ6), GEMIN6 (Q8WXD5), GET4 (Q7L5D6), GFAP(P14136), GFM1 (Q96RP9), GFPT1 (Q06210), GFPT2 (O94808), GGCT (O75223),GGPS1 (O95749), GINS1 (Q14691), GINS2 (Q9Y248), GINS4 (Q9BRT9), GIPC1(O14908), GIT1 (Q9Y2X7), GLA (P06280), GLB1L2 (Q8IW92), GLE1 (Q53GS7),GLG1 (Q92896), GLIPR2 (Q9H4G4), GLMN (Q92990), GLO1 (Q04760), GLOD4(Q9HC38), GLRX (P35754), GLRX3 (O76003), GLT25D1 (Q8NBJ5), GLT25D2(Q8IYK4), GLTP (Q9NZD2), GLUD1 (P00367), GLUL (P15104), GMDS (O60547),GMFB (P60983), GMPPA (Q96IJ6), GMPPB (Q9Y5P6), GMPR (P36959), GMPR2(Q9P2T1), GMPS (P49915), GNA11 (P29992), GNA12 (Q03113), GNA13 (Q14344),GNAI1 (P63096), GNAI2 (P04899), GNAI3 (P08754), GNAQ (P50148), GNAS(Q5JWF2), GNB1 (P62873), GNB1L (Q9BYB4), GNB2 (P62879), GNB2L1 (P63244),GNB4 (Q9HAV0), GNE (Q9Y223), GNG10 (P50151), GNG12 (Q9UBI6), GNG4(P50150), GNG5 (P63218), GNL3 (Q9BVP2), GNPDA1 (P46926), GNPNAT1(Q96EK6), GOLGA7 (Q7Z5G4), GOLM1 (Q8NBJ4), GOLPH3 (Q9H4A6), GORASP2(Q9H8Y8), GOT1 (P17174), GOT2 (P00505), GPC1 (P35052), GPC4 (O75487),GPC6 (Q9Y625), GPD1L (Q8N335), GPHN (Q9NQX3), GPI (P06744), GPM6A(P51674), GPN1 (Q9HCN4), GPR50 (Q13585), GPR56 (Q9Y653), GPS1 (Q13098),GPSM1 (Q86YR5), GPX1 (P07203), GPX4 (P36969), GRB2 (P62993), GRHPR(Q9UBQ7), GRP (Q3ZCW2), GRWD1 (Q9BQ67), GSDMA (Q96QA5), GSK3A (P49840),GSK3B (P49841), GSN (P06396), GSPT1 (P15170), GSR (P00390), GSS(P48637), GSTK1 (Q9Y2Q3), GSTM2 (P28161), GSTM3 (P21266), GSTM4(Q03013), GSTO1 (P78417), GSTP1 (P09211), GSTT2 (POCG29), GSTZ1(O43708), GTF2E2 (P29084), GTF2F2 (P13984), GTF2H3 (Q13889), GTF2I(P78347), GTF3C2 (Q8WUA4), GTF3C3 (Q9Y5Q9), GTF3C4 (Q9UKN8), GTPBP1(O00178), GTPBP4 (Q9BZE4), GUK1 (Q16774), GYG1 (P46976), GYS1 (P13807),H1F0 (P07305), H1FX (Q92522), H2AFX (P16104), H2AFY (O75367), H2AFZ(P0C0S5), HADH (Q16836), HADHA (P40939), HARS (P12081), HAT1 (O14929),HAUS3 (Q68CZ6), HAUS4 (Q9H6D7), HBA1 (P69905), HBB (P68871), HBS1L(Q9Y450), HBXIP (O43504), HCFC1 (P51610), HDAC1 (Q13547), HDAC2(Q92769), HDDC2 (Q7Z4H3), HDGF (P51858), HDGFRP2 (Q7Z4V5), HDHD2(Q9H0R4), HDLBP (Q00341), HEATR1 (Q9H583), HEATR2 (Q86Y56), HEBP1(Q9NRV9), HECTD3 (Q5T447), HERC4 (Q5GLZ8), HEXB (P07686), HGS (O14964),HHIP (Q96QV1), HINT1 (P49773), HINT2 (Q9BX68), HINT3 (Q9NQE9), HIP1R(O75146), HIST1H1B (P16401), HIST1H1C (P16403), HIST1H1D (P16402),HIST1H1E (P10412), HIST1H2AD (P20671), HIST1H2BJ (P06899), HIST1H2BM(Q99879), HIST1H2BO (P23527), HIST1H4A (P62805), HIST2H2AA3 (Q6FI13),HIST2H2AB (Q8IUE6), HIST2H2BE (Q16778), HIST2H3A (Q71DI3), HIST3H2BB(Q8N257), HK1 (P19367), HK2 (P52789), HLA-A (P30443), HLA-A (P01892),HLA-B (P03989), HMGA1 (P17096), HMGB1 (P09429), HMGB2 (P26583), HMGCL(P35914), HMGCS1 (Q01581), HMGN1 (P05114), HMGN2 (P05204), HMGN4(O00479), HNRNPA0 (Q13151), HNRNPA1 (P09651), HNRNPA2B1 (P22626),HNRNPA3 (P51991), HNRNPAB (Q99729), HNRNPC (P07910), HNRNPD (Q14103),HNRNPF (P52597), HNRNPH1 (P31943), HNRNPH2 (P55795), HNRNPH3 (P31942),HNRNPK (P61978), HNRNPL (P14866), HNRNPM (P52272), HNRNPR (O43390),HNRNPU (Q00839), HNRNPUL1 (Q9BUJ2), HNRNPUL2 (Q1KMD3), HNRPDL (O14979),HNRPLL (Q8WVV9), HOOK3 (Q86VS8), HP (P00738), HP1BP3 (Q5SSJ5), HPCAL1(P37235), HPRT1 (P00492), HPX (P02790), HRAS (P01112), HRNR (Q86YZ3),HSD17B10 (Q99714), HSD17B12 (Q53GQ0), HSD17B4 (P51659), HSDL2 (Q6YN16),HSP90AA1 (P07900), HSP90AB1 (P08238), HSP90B1 (P14625), HSPA12A(O43301), HSPA14 (Q0VDF9), HSPA1A (P08107), HSPA4 (P34932), HSPA4L(O95757), HSPA5 (P11021), HSPA8 (P11142), HSPA9 (P38646), HSPB1(P04792), HSPBP1 (Q9NZL4), HSPD1 (P10809), HSPE1 (P61604), HSPG2(P98160), HSPH1 (Q92598), HTRA1 (Q92743), HTT (P42858), HUWE1 (Q7Z6Z7),HYOU1 (Q9Y4L1), IARS (P41252), ICAM1 (P05362), IDE (P14735), IDH1(O75874), IDH2 (P48735), IDH3A (P50213), IDI1 (Q13907), IFI16 (Q16666),IFIT5 (Q13325), IFITM3 (Q01628), IFRD2 (Q12894), IFT172 (Q9UG01), IGF1R(P08069), IGF2BP2 (Q9Y6M1), IGF2BP3 (O00425), IGF2R (P11717), IGFBP3(P17936), IGFBP5 (P24593), IGHG1 (P01857), IGHG2 (P01859), IGSF3(O75054), IGSF8 (Q969P0), IKBKAP (O95163), IKBKB (O14920), IL1RAP(Q9NPH3), ILF2 (Q12905), ILF3 (Q12906), ILK (Q13418), ILKAP (Q9H0C8),IMMT (Q16891), IMP3 (Q9NV31), IMPA1 (P29218), IMPA2 (O14732), IMPAD1(Q9NX62), IMPDH1 (P20839), IMPDH2 (P12268), INA (Q16352), INF2 (Q27J81),INPP1 (P49441), INPPL1 (O15357), INTS10 (Q9NVR2), INTS3 (Q68E01), INTS7(Q9NVH2), INTS8 (Q75QN2), IPO11 (Q9UI26), IPO4 (Q8TEX9), IPO5 (O00410),IPO7 (O95373), IPO8 (O15397), IPO9 (Q96P70), IQGAP1 (P46940), IRF2BP2(Q7Z5L9), IRF3 (Q14653), IRGQ (Q8WZA9), ISOC1 (Q96CN7), ISYNA1 (Q9NPH2),ITFG3 (Q9H0X4), ITGA2 (P17301), ITGA3 (P26006), ITGA4 (P13612), ITGA5(P08648), ITGA6 (P23229), ITGA7 (Q13683), ITGAV (P06756), ITGB1(P05556), ITGB1BP1 (O14713), ITGB3 (P05106), ITGB4 (P16144), ITGB5(P18084), ITGB8 (P26012), ITPA (Q9BY32), JAM3 (Q9BX67), JUP (P14923),KARS (Q15046), KATNB1 (Q9BVA0), KBTBD6 (Q86V97), KCTD21 (Q4G0X4), KDM1A(O60341), KEAP1 (Q14145), KHDRBS1 (Q07666), KHSRP (Q92945), KIAA0020(Q15397), KIAA0090 (Q8N766), KIAA0174 (P53990), KIAA0196 (Q12768),KIAA0664 (O75153), KIAA0776 (O94874), KIAA1033 (Q2M389), KIAA1279(Q96EK5), KIAA1598 (A0MZ66), KIAA1797 (Q5VW36), KIAA1949 (Q6NYC8),KIAA1967 (Q8N163), KIDINS220 (Q9ULH0), KIF1A (Q12756), KIF2A (O00139),KIF5B (P33176), KIF5C (O60282), KLC1 (Q07866), KLHDC4 (Q8TBB5), KLHL13(Q9P2N7), KLHL22 (Q53GT1), KLHL26 (Q53HC5), KNTC1 (P50748), KPNA1(P52294), KPNA2 (P52292), KPNA3 (O00505), KPNA4 (O00629), KPNA6(O60684), KPNB1 (Q14974), KPRP (Q5T749), KRAS (P01116), KRIT1 (O00522),KRT13 (P13646), KRT14 (P02533), KRT71 (Q3SY84), KTN1 (Q86UP2), L1CAM(P32004), LACTB2 (Q53H82), LAMA1 (P25391), LAMA4 (Q16363), LAMA5(O15230), LAMB1 (P07942), LAMB2 (P55268), LAMC1 (P11047), LAMP1(P11279), LAMP2 (P13473), LANCL1 (O43813), LANCL2 (Q9NS86), LAP3(P28838), LARP1 (Q6PKG0), LARS (Q9P2J5), LAS1L (Q9Y4W2), LASP1 (Q14847),LBR (Q14739), LCMT1 (Q9UIC8), LDHA (P00338), LDHB (P07195), LDLR(P01130), LEFTY2 (O00292), LEPRE1 (Q32P28), LGALS1 (P09382), LGALS3(P17931), LGALS3BP (Q08380), LGALS7 (P47929), LIMA1 (Q9UHB6), LIMS1(P48059), LIN7C (Q9NUP9), LIPG (Q9Y5X9), LLGL1 (Q15334), LMAN1 (P49257),LMAN2 (Q12907), LMCD1 (Q9NZU5), LMNA (P02545), LMNB1 (P20700), LMNB2(Q03252), LNPEP (Q9UIQ6), LOH12CR1 (Q969J3), LONP1 (P36776), LOR(P23490), LOXL4 (Q96JB6), LPHN2 (O95490), LPL (P06858), LRBA (P50851),LRG1 (P02750), LRP1 (Q07954), LRPPRC (P42704), LRRC1 (Q9BTT6), LRRC40(Q9H9A6), LRRC47 (Q8N1G4), LRRC57 (Q8N9N7), LRRC59 (Q96AG4), LRRC8A(Q8IWT6), LRSAM1 (Q6UWE0), LSM1 (O15116), LSM12 (Q3MHD2), LSM2 (Q9Y333),LSM4 (Q9Y4Z0), LSM6 (P62312), LSM7 (Q9UK45), LSS (P48449), LTA4H(P09960), LTBP2 (Q14767), LTBP3 (Q9NS15), LTN1 (O94822), LUC7L (Q9NQ29),LUC7L2 (Q9Y383), LUC7L3 (O95232), LYAR (Q9NX58), LYPLA1 (O75608), LYPLA2(O95372), LYPLAL1 (Q5VWZ2), LZTR1 (Q8N653), M6PR (P20645), MACF1(Q9UPN3), MACF1 (Q96PK2), MACROD1 (Q9BQ69), MAD1L1 (Q9Y6D9), MAD2L1(Q13257), MAGEE1 (Q9HCI5), MAK16 (Q9BXY0), MALT1 (Q9UDY8), MAN1A2(O60476), MAN1B1 (Q9UKM7), MAN2C1 (Q9NTJ4), MAP1B (P46821), MAP1LC3A(Q9H492), MAP1LC3B2 (A6NCE7), MAP2K1 (Q02750), MAP2K2 (P36507), MAP2K3(P46734), MAP2K4 (P45985), MAP2K7 (O14733), MAP4 (P27816), MAP4K4(O95819), MAPK1 (P28482), MAPK14 (Q16539), MAPK3 (P27361), MAPKSP1(Q9UHA4), MAPRE1 (Q15691), MAPRE3 (Q9UPY8), MARCKS (P29966), MARCKSL1(P49006), MARK2 (Q7KZI7), MARS (P56192), MAT2A (P31153), MAT2B (Q9NZL9),MATR3 (P43243), MBD3 (O95983), MBLAC2 (Q68D91), MBNL1 (Q9NR56), MBNL2(Q5VZF2), MCAM (P43121), MCM2 (P49736), MCM3 (P25205), MCM4 (P33991),MCM5 (P33992), MCM6 (Q14566), MCM7 (P33993), MCTS1 (Q9ULC4), MDH1(P40925), MDH2 (P40926), MDK (P21741), MDN1 (Q9NU22), ME1 (P48163), ME2(P23368), MED1 (Q15648), MED10 (Q9BTT4), MED11 (Q9P086), MED17 (Q9NVC6),MED18 (Q9BUE0), MED20 (Q9H944), MED23 (Q9ULK4), MED24 (O75448), MED28(Q9H204), MED31 (Q9Y3C7), MEMO1 (Q9Y316), MEN1 (O00255), MERIT40(Q9NWV8), METAP1 (P53582), METAP2 (P50579), METT10D (Q86W50), METTL1(Q9UBP6), METTL11A (Q9BV86), METTL13 (Q8N6R0), METTL2B (Q6P1Q9), METTL5(Q9NRN9), METTL9 (Q9H1A3), MFAP2 (P55001), MFAP4 (P55083), MFGE8(Q08431), MFI2 (P08582), MGEA5 (O60502), MICA (Q29983), MICAL1 (Q8TDZ2),MIF (P14174), MINA (Q8IUF8), MIOS (Q9NXC5), MKI67IP (Q9BYG3), MLEC(Q14165), MLLT4 (P55196), MLST8 (Q9BVC4), MLTK (Q9NYL2), MMP14 (P50281),MMP2 (P08253), MMS19 (Q96T76), MOB2 (Q70IA6), MOBKL1B (Q9H8S9), MOBKL2A(Q96BX8), MOBKL3 (Q9Y3A3), MOCS2 (O96033), MOGS (Q13724), MON2 (Q7Z3U7),MORC2 (Q9Y6X9), MOV10 (Q9HCE1), MOXD1 (Q6UVY6), MPG (P29372), MPI(P34949), MPP6 (Q9NZW5), MPRIP (Q6WCQ1), MPST (P25325), MPZL1 (O95297),MRC2 (Q9UBG0), MRE11A (P49959), MRI1 (Q9BV20), MRPS27 (Q92552), MRPS28(Q9Y2Q9), MRPS33 (Q9Y291), MRPS34 (P82930), MRPS6 (P82932), MRTO4(Q9UKD2), MSH2 (P43246), MSH3 (P20585), MSH6 (P52701), MSN (P26038),MSTO1 (Q9BUK6), MTA1 (Q13330), MTA2 (O94776), MTAP (Q13126), MTHFD1(P11586), MTHFS (P49914), MTM1 (Q13496), MTMR1 (Q13613), MTMR2 (Q13614),MTMR6 (Q9Y217), MTMR9 (Q96QG7), MTOR (P42345), MTPN (P58546), MTR(Q99707), MTRR (Q9UBK8), MVD (P53602), MVK (Q03426), MVP (Q14764), MX1(P20591), MYADM (Q96S97), MYBBP1A (Q9BQG0), MYCBP (Q99417), MYD88(Q99836), MYH10 (P35580), MYH14 (Q7Z406), MYH9 (P35579), MYL12B(O14950), MYL6 (P60660), MYO18A (Q92614), MYO1B (O43795), MYO1C(O00159), MYO1E (Q12965), MYO5A (Q9Y4I1), MYO6 (Q9UM54), MYOF (Q9NZM1),NAA10 (P41227), NAA15 (Q9BXJ9), NAA16 (Q6N069), NAA25 (Q14CX7), NAA38(O95777), NAA50 (Q9GZZ1), NACA (Q13765), NAE1 (Q13564), NAGK (Q9UJ70),NAGLU (P54802), NAMPT (P43490), NANS (Q9NR45), NAP1L1 (P55209), NAP1L4(Q99733), NAPA (P54920), NAPG (Q99747), NAPRT1 (Q6XQN6), NARFL (Q9H6Q4),NARS (O43776), NASP (P49321), NAT10 (Q9H0A0), NAT9 (Q9BTE0), NCAM1(P13591), NCAN (O14594), NCAPD2 (Q15021), NCAPG (Q9BPX3), NCBP1(Q09161), NCCRP1 (Q6ZVX7), NCDN (Q9UBB6), NCKAP1 (Q9Y2A7), NCKIPSD(Q9NZQ3), NCL (P19338), NCLN (Q969V3), NCS1 (P62166), NCSTN (Q92542),NDOR1 (Q9UHB4), NDRG3 (Q9UGV2), NDRG4 (Q9ULP0), NDUFA2 (O43678), NDUFA7(O95182), NDUFAB1 (O14561), NDUFB4 (O95168), NDUFC2 (O95298), NDUFS5(O43920), NDUFS6 (O75380), NEDD8 (Q15843), NEFL (P07196), NEFM (P07197),NEK6 (Q9HC98), NEK9 (Q8TD19), NES (P48681), NF1 (P21359), NF2 (P35240),NFIX (Q14938), NHLRC2 (Q8NBF2), NHP2L1 (P55769), NID1 (P14543), NIP7(Q9Y221), NIPSNAP1 (Q9BPW8), NIT1 (Q86X76), NIT2 (Q9NQR4), NKRF(O15226), NLE1 (Q9NVX2), NLGN4X (Q8N0W4), NLN (Q9BYT8), NMD3 (Q96D46),NME2 (P22392), NME3 (Q13232), NME7 (Q9Y5B8), NMT1 (P30419), NNMT(P40261), NOB1 (Q9ULX3), NOC2L (Q9Y3T9), NOC3L (Q8WTT2), NOC4L (Q9BVI4),NOG (Q13253), NOL11 (Q9H8H0), NOL6 (Q9H6R4), NOL9 (Q5SY16), NOMO2(Q5JPE7), NONO (Q15233), NOP10 (Q9NPE3), NOP16 (Q9Y3C1), NOP2 (P46087),NOP56 (O00567), NOP58 (Q9Y2X3), NOS1AP (O75052), NOSIP (Q9Y314), NOTCH2(Q04721), NOVA2 (Q9UNW9), NPC1 (O15118), NPC2 (P61916), NPEPPS (P55786),NPLOC4 (Q8TAT6), NPM1 (P06748), NPTN (Q9Y639), NPW (Q8N729), NQO1(P15559), NQO2 (P16083), NRAS (P01111), NRBP1 (Q9UHY1), NRD1 (O43847),NRP1 (O14786), NRP2 (O60462), NSDHL (Q15738), NSF (P46459), NSUN2(Q08J23), NSUN5 (Q96P11), NSUN6 (Q8TEA1), NT5C (Q8TCD5), NT5C2 (P49902),NT5C3L (Q969T7), NT5E (P21589), NTN1 (O95631), NUBP1 (P53384), NUBP2(Q9Y5Y2), NUCB1 (Q02818), NUCKS1 (Q9H1E3), NUDC (Q9Y266), NUDCD1(Q96RS6), NUDCD2 (Q8WVJ2), NUDT1 (P36639), NUDT10 (Q8NFP7), NUDT16(Q96DE0), NUDT16L1 (Q9BRJ7), NUDT21 (O43809), NUDT4 (Q9NZJ9), NUDT5(Q9UKK9), NUMA1 (Q14980), NUP188 (Q5SRE5), NUP210 (Q8TEM1), NUP37(Q8NFH4), NUP43 (Q8NFH3), NUP54 (Q7Z3B4), NUP62 (P37198), NUP85(Q9BW27), NUP88 (Q99567), NUP93 (Q8N1F7), NUTF2 (P61970), NXF1 (Q9UBU9),NXN (Q6DKJ4), NXT1 (Q9UKK6), OAT (P04181), OBSL1 (O75147), OCRL(Q01968), ODR4 (Q5SWX8), ODZ2 (Q9NT68), ODZ3 (Q9P273), OGFOD1 (Q8N543),OGT (O15294), OLA1 (Q9NTK5), OLFML3 (Q9NRN5), OPA1 (O60313), ORC3(Q9UBD5), OSBP (P22059), OSBPL6 (Q9BZF3), OSGEP (Q9NPF4), OTUB1(Q96FW1), OVCA2 (Q8WZ82), OXCT1 (P55809), OXSR1 (O95747), P4HA1(P13674), P4HB (P07237), PA2G4 (Q9UQ80), PAAF1 (Q9BRP4), PABPC1(P11940), PABPC4 (Q13310), PABPN1 (Q86U42), PACSIN2 (Q9UNF0), PACSIN3(Q9UKS6), PAF1 (Q8N7H5), PAFAH1B1 (P43034), PAFAH1B2 (P68402), PAFAH1B3(Q15102), PAICS (P22234), PAIP1 (Q9H074), PAK1IP1 (Q9NWT1), PAK2(Q13177), PALD (Q9ULE6), PALLD (Q8WX93), PANK4 (Q9NVE7), PAPOLA(P51003), PAPSS1 (O43252), PARK7 (Q99497), PARN (O95453), PARP1(P09874), PARP4 (Q9UKK3), PARVA (Q9NVD7), PBLD (P30039), PCBD1 (P61457),PCBP1 (Q15365), PCBP2 (Q15366), PCDHB2 (Q9Y5E7), PCDHGC3 (Q9UN70), PCID2(Q5JVF3), PCMT1 (P22061), PCNA (P12004), PCOLCE2 (Q9UKZ9), PCYOX1(Q9UHG3), PCYOX1L (Q8NBM8), PCYT2 (Q99447), PDCD10 (Q9BUL8), PDCD11(Q14690), PDCD4 (Q53EL6), PDCD5 (O14737), PDCD6 (O75340), PDCD6IP(Q8WUM4), PDCL3 (Q9H2J4), PDDC1 (Q8NB37), PDE12 (Q6L8Q7), PDGFRA(P16234), PDIA3 (P30101), PDIA4 (P13667), PDIA5 (Q14554), PDIA6(Q15084), PDLIM1 (O00151), PDLIM4 (P50479), PDLIM5 (Q96HC4), PDLIM7(Q9NR12), PDRO (Q6IAA8), PDS5A (Q29RF7), PDS5B (Q9NTI5), PDXK (O00764),PDXP (Q96GD0), PEA15 (Q15121), PEBP1 (P30086), PECI (O75521), PEF1(Q9UBV8), PELO (Q9BRX2), PELP1 (Q8IZL8), PEPD (P12955), PES1 (O00541),PFAS (O15067), PFDN1 (O60925), PFDN2 (Q9UHV9), PFDN4 (Q9NQP4), PFDN5(Q99471), PFDN6 (O15212), PFKL (P17858), PFKM (P08237), PFKP (Q01813),PFN1 (P07737), PFN2 (P35080), PGAM1 (P18669), PGAM5 (Q96HS1), PGD(P52209), PGGT1B (P53609), PGK1 (P00558), PGLS (O95336), PGLYRP2(Q96PD5), PGM1 (P36871), PGM2L1 (Q6PCE3), PGM3 (O95394), PGP (A6NDG6),PGRMC1 (O00264), PGRMC2 (O15173), PHB (P35232), PHB2 (Q99623), PHF5A(Q7RTV0), PHF6 (Q8IWS0), PHGDH (O43175), PHKB (Q93100), PHLDA1 (Q8WV24),PHLDA3 (Q9Y5J5), PHLDB1 (Q86UU1), PHPT1 (Q9NRX4), PI15 (O43692), PI4KA(P42356), PICALM (Q13492), PIGT (Q969N2), PIK3CA (P42336), PIK3R4(Q99570), PIN1 (Q13526), PIP4K2A (P48426), PIP4K2B (P78356), PIP4K2C(Q8TBX8), PIPOX (Q9P0Z9), PIPSL (A2A3N6), PITPNB (P48739), PKM2(P14618), PKP1 (Q13835), PLAA (Q9Y263), PLCB3 (Q01970), PLCD1 (P51178),PLCD3 (Q8N3E9), PLCG1 (P19174), PLCG2 (P16885), PLD3 (Q8IV08), PLEC(Q15149), PLIN2 (Q99541), PLIN3 (O60664), PLK1 (P53350), PLOD1 (Q02809),PLOD2 (O00469), PLOD3 (O60568), PLRG1 (O43660), PLS1 (Q14651), PLS3(P13797), PLSCR3 (Q9NRY6), PLTP (P55058), PLXNA1 (Q9UIW2), PLXNB2(O15031), PLXND1 (Q9Y4D7), PMM2 (O15305), PMPCA (Q10713), PMPCB(O75439), PMVK (Q15126), PNMA2 (Q9UL42), PNN (Q9H307), PNO1 (Q9NRX1),PNP (P00491), PNPLA2 (Q96AD5), PODXL (O00592), POLD1 (P28340), POLD2(P49005), POLE3 (Q9NRF9), POLR1A (O95602), POLR1B (Q9H9Y6), POLR1C(O15160), POLR1D (Q9Y2S0), POLR2A (P24928), POLR2B (P30876), POLR2C(P19387), POLR2E (P19388), POLR2G (P62487), POLR2H (P52434), POLR2J(P52435), POLR2K (P53803), POLR3A (O14802), POLR3B (Q9NW08), POLR3C(Q9BUI4), POP1 (Q99575), POP4 (O95707), POP7 (O75817), POR (P16435),PPA1 (Q15181), PPA2 (Q9H2U2), PPAN (Q9NQ55), PPAP2A (O14494), PPAT(Q06203), PPCS (Q9HAB8), PPFIBP1 (Q86W92), PPIA (P62937), PPIB (P23284),PPIC (P45877), PPID (Q08752), PPIF (P30405), PPIH (O43447), PPIL1(Q9Y3C6), PPM1F (P49593), PPM1G (O15355), PPME1 (Q9Y570), PPP1CA(P62136), PPP1CB (P62140), PPP1CC (P36873), PPP1R14B (Q96C90), PPP1R7(Q15435), PPP1R8 (Q12972), PPP2CA (P67775), PPP2CB (P62714), PPP2R1A(P30153), PPP2R2A (P63151), PPP2R2D (Q66LE6), PPP2R4 (Q15257), PPP2R5D(Q14738), PPP2R5E (Q16537), PPP3CA (Q08209), PPP4C (P60510), PPP4R1(Q8TF05), PPP5C (P53041), PPP6C (O00743), PPP6R3 (Q5H9R7), PPPDE2(Q6ICB0), PPT1 (P50897), PPWD1 (Q96BP3), PRCP (P42785), PRDX1 (Q06830),PRDX2 (P32119), PRDX3 (P30048), PRDX4 (Q13162), PRDX6 (P30041), PREP(P48147), PREPL (Q4J6C6), PRIM1 (P49642), PRIM2 (P49643), PRKAA1(Q13131), PRKACA (P17612), PRKACB (P22694), PRKAG1 (P54619), PRKAR1A(P10644), PRKAR2A (P13861), PRKCA (P17252), PRKCI (P41743), PRKCSH(P14314), PRKDC (P78527), PRKRA (O75569), PRMT1 (Q99873), PRMT10(Q6P2P2), PRMT3 (O60678), PRMT5 (O14744), PRMT7 (Q9NVM4), PROSC(O94903), PRPF19 (Q9UMS4), PRPF3 (O43395), PRPF31 (Q8WWY3), PRPF4(O43172), PRPF40A (O75400), PRPF4B (Q13523), PRPF6 (O94906), PRPF8(Q6P2Q9), PRPS1 (P60891), PRPS2 (P11908), PRPSAP2 (O60256), PRRC1(Q96M27), PRSS23 (O95084), PRTFDC1 (Q9NRG1), PSAP (P07602), PSAT1(Q9Y617), PSD3 (Q9NYI0), PSENEN (Q9NZ42), PSIP1 (O75475), PSMA1(P25786), PSMA2 (P25787), PSMA3 (P25788), PSMA4 (P25789), PSMA5(P28066), PSMA6 (P60900), PSMA7 (O14818), PSMB1 (P20618), PSMB2(P49721), PSMB3 (P49720), PSMB4 (P28070), PSMB5 (P28074), PSMB6(P28072), PSMB7 (Q99436), PSMC1 (P62191), PSMC2 (P35998), PSMC3(P17980), PSMC4 (P43686), PSMC5 (P62195), PSMC6 (P62333), PSMD1(Q99460), PSMD10 (O75832), PSMD11 (O00231), PSMD12 (O00232), PSMD13(Q9UNM6), PSMD14 (O00487), PSMD2 (Q13200), PSMD3 (O43242), PSMD4(P55036), PSMD5 (Q16401), PSMD6 (Q15008), PSMD7 (P51665), PSMD8(P48556), PSMD9 (O00233), PSME1 (Q06323), PSME2 (Q9UL46), PSME3(P61289), PSME4 (Q14997), PSMG1 (O95456), PSMG2 (Q969U7), PSPC1(Q8WXF1), PSPH (P78330), PTBP1 (P26599), PTGES2 (Q9H7Z7), PTGES3(Q15185), PTGFRN (Q9P2B2), PTGR1 (Q14914), PTHLH (P12272), PTK2(Q05397), PTK7 (Q13308), PTMA (P06454), PTN (P21246), PTP4A1 (Q93096),PTPN1 (P18031), PTPN11 (Q06124), PTPN23 (Q9H3S7), PTPRA (P18433), PTPRE(P23469), PTPRG (P23470), PTPRJ (Q12913), PTPRZ1 (P23471), PUF60(Q9UHX1), PURA (Q00577), PURB (Q96QR8), PUS1 (Q9Y606), PUS7 (Q96PZ0),PVR (P15151), PVRL2 (Q92692), PWP1 (Q13610), PWP2 (Q15269), PXDN(Q92626), PXK (Q7Z7A4), PXN (P49023), PYCR1 (P32322), PYCRL (Q53H96),PYGB (P11216), PYGL (P06737), QARS (P47897), QDPR (P09417), QKI(Q96PU8), QTRT1 (Q9BXR0), RAB10 (P61026), RAB11A (P62491), RAB11FIP1(Q6WKZ4), RAB12 (Q6IQ22), RAB13 (P51153), RAB14 (P61106), RAB18(Q9NP72), RAB1A (P62820), RAB1B (Q9H0U4), RAB21 (Q9UL25), RAB22A(Q9UL26), RAB23 (Q9ULC3), RAB27A (P51159), RAB2A (P61019), RAB2B(Q8WUD1), RAB32 (Q13637), RAB34 (Q9BZG1), RAB35 (Q15286), RAB3A(P20336), RAB3GAP1 (Q15042), RAB3GAP2 (Q9H2M9), RAB4A (P20338), RAB5A(P20339), RAB5B (P61020), RAB5C (P51148), RAB6A (P20340), RAB7A(P51149), RAB8A (P61006), RAB8B (Q92930), RABAC1 (Q9UI14), RABGAP1(Q9Y3P9), RABGGTA (Q92696), RABGGTB (P53611), RABL2A (Q9UBK7), RABL3(Q5HYI8), RAC1 (P63000), RAC3 (P60763), RAD23B (P54727), RAD50 (Q92878),RAE1 (P78406), RAF1 (P04049), RALA (P11233), RALB (P11234), RALY(Q9UKM9), RAN (P62826), RANBP1 (P43487), RANBP2 (P49792), RANGAP1(P46060), RAP1A (P62834), RAP1B (P61224), RAP1GDS1 (P52306), RAP2B(P61225), RAPH1 (Q70E73), RARS (P54136), RASA1 (P20936), RASA3 (Q14644),RBBP4 (Q09028), RBBP5 (Q15291), RBBP7 (Q16576), RBM12 (Q9NTZ6), RBM14(Q96PK6), RBM15 (Q96T37), RBM22 (Q9NW64), RBM25 (P49756), RBM26(Q5T8P6), RBM28 (Q9NW13), RBM39 (Q14498), RBM4 (Q9BWF3), RBM8A (Q9Y5S9),RBMX (P38159), RBP1 (P09455), RBPJ (Q06330), RBX1 (P62877), RCC1(P18754), RCC2 (Q9P258), RCL (O43598), RCL1 (Q9Y2P8), RCN1 (Q15293),RDH11 (Q8TC12), RDH13 (Q8NBN7), RDX (P35241), RECQL (P46063), RELA(Q04206), REPS1 (Q96D71), RETSAT (Q6NUM9), RFC2 (P35250), RFC3 (P40938),RFC4 (P35249), RFC5 (P40937), RFFL (Q8WZ73), RFTN1 (Q14699), RHEB(Q15382), RHOA (P61586), RHOB (P62745), RHOC (P08134), RHOF (Q9HBH0),RHOG (P84095), RHOT2 (Q8IXI1), RIC8A (Q9NPQ8), RNASEH2C (Q8TDP1), RNF114(Q9Y508), RNF20 (Q5VTR2), RNF213 (Q63HN8), RNF7 (Q9UBF6), RNGTT(O60942), RNH1 (P13489), RNMT (O43148), RNPEP (Q9H4A4), ROBLD3 (Q9Y2Q5),ROCK1 (Q13464), ROCK2 (O75116), RP2 (O75695), RPA1 (P27694), RPA2(P15927), RPA3 (P35244), RPE (Q96AT9), RPF2 (Q9H7B2), RPIA (P49247),RPL10 (P27635), RPL10A (P62906), RPL11 (P62913), RPL12 (P30050), RPL13(P26373), RPL13A (P40429), RPL14 (P50914), RPL15 (P61313), RPL17(P18621), RPL18 (Q07020), RPL18A (Q02543), RPL19 (P84098), RPL21(P46778), RPL22 (P35268), RPL22L1 (Q6P5R6), RPL23 (P62829), RPL23A(P62750), RPL24 (P83731), RPL26 (P61254), RPL26L1 (Q9UNX3), RPL27(P61353), RPL27A (P46776), RPL28 (P46779), RPL29 (P47914), RPL3(P39023), RPL30 (P62888), RPL31 (P62899), RPL32 (P62910), RPL34(P49207), RPL35 (P42766), RPL35A (P18077), RPL36 (Q9Y3U8), RPL36A(P83881), RPL36AL (Q969Q0), RPL37 (P61927), RPL37A (P61513), RPL38(P63173), RPL4 (P36578), RPL5 (P46777), RPL6 (Q02878), RPL7 (P18124),RPL7A (P62424), RPL7L1 (Q6DKI1), RPL8 (P62917), RPL9 (P32969), RPLP0(P05388), RPLP1 (P05386), RPLP2 (P05387), RPN1 (P04843), RPN2 (P04844),RPP30 (P78346), RPP38 (P78345), RPRD1A (Q96P16), RPRD1B (Q9NQG5), RPS10(P46783), RPS11 (P62280), RPS12 (P25398), RPS13 (P62277), RPS14(P62263), RPS15 (P62841), RPS15A (P62244), RPS16 (P62249), RPS17(P08708), RPS18 (P62269), RPS19 (P39019), RPS2 (P15880), RPS20 (P60866),RPS21 (P63220), RPS23 (P62266), RPS24 (P62847), RPS25 (P62851), RPS26(P62854), RPS27 (P42677), RPS27A (P62979), RPS27L (Q71UM5), RPS28(P62857), RPS29 (P62273), RPS3 (P23396), RPS3A (P61247), RPS4X (P62701),RPS4Y1 (P22090), RPS5 (P46782), RPS6 (P62753), RPS6KA1 (Q15418), RPS6KA3(P51812), RPS7 (P62081), RPS8 (P62241), RPS9 (P46781), RPSA (P08865),RQCD1 (Q92600), RRAGC (Q9HB90), RRAS2 (P62070), RRBP1 (Q9P2E9), RRM1(P23921), RRM2 (P31350), RRM2B (Q7LG56), RRP1 (P56182), RRP12 (Q5JTH9),RRP1B (Q14684), RRP7A (Q9Y3A4), RRP9 (O43818), RRS1 (Q15050), RSL1D1(O76021), RSL24D1 (Q9UHA3), RSPRY1 (Q96DX4), RSU1 (Q15404), RTCD1(O00442), RTKN (Q9BST9), RTN3 (O95197), RTN4 (Q9NQC3), RUVBL1 (Q9Y265),RUVBL2 (Q9Y230), RWDD2B (P57060), S100A10 (P60903), S100A11 (P31949),S100A13 (Q99584), S100A16 (Q96FQ6), S100A2 (P29034), S100A4 (P26447),S100A6 (P06703), S100A7 (P31151), S100A8 (P05109), S100A9 (P06702),SAAL1 (Q96ER3), SACS (Q9NZJ4), SAE1 (Q9UBE0), SAMHD1 (Q9Y3Z3), SAP18(O00422), SAR1A (Q9NR31), SARM1 (Q6SZW1), SARNP (P82979), SARS (P49591),SARS2 (Q9NP81), SART3 (Q15020), SBDS (Q9Y3A5), SBF1 (O95248), SCARB1(Q8WTV0), SCARB2 (Q14108), SCCPDH (Q8NBX0), SCFD1 (Q8WVM8), SCFD2(Q8WU76), SCP2 (P22307), SCPEP1 (Q9HB40), SCRG1 (O75711), SCRIB(Q14160), SCRN1 (Q12765), SCRN2 (Q96FV2), SCYL1 (Q96KG9), SDC2 (P34741),SDC4 (P31431), SDCBP (O00560), SDCCAG1 (O60524), SDCCAG3 (Q96C92), SDHA(P31040), SDHB (P21912), SDK1 (Q7Z5N4), SDSL (Q96GA7), SEC13 (P55735),SEC14L2 (O76054), SEC22B (O75396), SEC23A (Q15436), SEC23B (Q15437),SEC23IP (Q9Y6Y8), SEC24A (O95486), SEC24B (O95487), SEC24C (P53992),SEC24D (O94855), SEC31A (O94979), SEC61B (P60468), SEC61G (P60059),SEH1L (Q96EE3), SELH (Q8IZQ5), SELO (Q9BVL4), SEMA3A (Q14563), SENP3(Q9H4L4), SEPSECS (Q9HD40), 40422 (Q9P0V9), 40787 (Q9NVA2), 37500(Q15019), 38596 (Q99719), 39326 (Q16181), 40057 (Q9UHD8), SERBP1(Q8NC51), SERPINB12 (Q96P63), SERPINB3 (P29508), SERPINB6 (P35237),SERPINH1 (P50454), SESN2 (P58004), SET (Q01105), SETD3 (Q86TU7), SF3A1(Q15459), SF3A2 (Q15428), SF3A3 (Q12874), SF3B1 (O75533), SF3B14(Q9Y3B4), SF3B2 (Q13435), SF3B3 (Q15393), SF3B4 (Q15427), SF3B5(Q9BWJ5), SFN (P31947), SFPQ (P23246), SFRP4 (Q6FHJ7), SFXN3 (Q9BWM7),SGTA (O43765), SH3BGRL3 (Q9H299), SH3BP4 (Q9P0V3), SH3GL1 (Q99961),SH3GLB1 (Q9Y371), SHC1 (P29353), SHMT1 (P34896), SHMT2 (P34897), SHOC2(Q9UQ13), SHPK (Q9UHJ6), SIRT5 (Q9NXA8), SKIV2L (Q15477), SKIV2L2(P42285), SKP1 (P63208), SLC12A2 (P55011), SLC12A4 (Q9UP95), SLC16A1(P53985), SLC1A3 (P43003), SLC1A5 (Q15758), SLC25A10 (Q9UBX3), SLC25A11(Q02978), SLC25A13 (Q9UJS0), SLC25A22 (Q9H936), SLC25A3 (Q00325),SLC25A5 (P05141), SLC25A6 (P12236), SLC26A2 (P50443), SLC29A1 (Q99808),SLC29A2 (Q14542), SLC2A1 (P11166), SLC30A1 (Q9Y6M5), SLC38A1 (Q9H2H9),SLC3A2 (P08195), SLC44A2 (Q8IWA5), SLC4A2 (P04920), SLC4A7 (Q9Y6M7),SLC5A3 (P53794), SLC5A6 (Q9Y289), SLC6A8 (P48029), SLC7A1 (P30825),SLC7A5 (Q01650), SLC9A3R1 (O14745), SLC9A3R2 (Q15599), SLIRP (Q9GZT3),SLK (Q9H2G2), SMAD1 (Q15797), SMAD2 (Q15796), SMARCA4 (P51532), SMARCA5(O60264), SMARCB1 (Q12824), SMARCC1 (Q92922), SMARCC2 (Q8TAQ2), SMARCD2(Q92925), SMC1A (Q14683), SMC2 (O95347), SMC3 (Q9UQE7), SMC4 (Q9NTJ3),SMC5 (Q8IY18), SMCHD1 (A6NHR9), SMEK1 (Q6IN85), SMG1 (Q96Q15), SMN1(Q16637), SMS (P52788), SMU1 (Q2TAY7), SMYD3 (Q9H7B4), SMYD5 (Q6GMV2),SNAP23 (O00161), SND1 (Q7KZF4), SNF8 (Q96H20), SNRNP200 (O75643),SNRNP40 (Q96DI7), SNRNP70 (P08621), SNRPA1 (P09661), SNRPB (P14678),SNRPB2 (P08579), SNRPD1 (P62314), SNRPD2 (P62316), SNRPD3 (P62318),SNRPE (P62304), SNRPF (P62306), SNRPG (P62308), SNTB1 (Q13884), SNTB2(Q13425), SNX1 (Q13596), SNX12 (Q9UMY4), SNX17 (Q15036), SNX18 (Q96RF0),SNX2 (O60749), SNX27 (Q96L92), SNX3 (O60493), SNX5 (Q9Y5X3), SNX6(Q9UNH7), SNX9 (Q9Y5X1), SOD1 (P00441), SOD2 (P04179), SORD (Q00796),SORT1 (Q99523), SPATS2L (Q9NUQ6), SPC24 (Q8NBT2), SPCS2 (Q15005), SPCS3(P61009), SPG21 (Q9NZD8), SPIN1 (Q9Y657), SPR (P35270), SPRR1B (P22528),SPRR2E (P22531), SPTAN1 (Q13813), SPTBN1 (Q01082), SPTBN2 (O15020),SR140 (O15042), SRBD1 (Q8N5C6), SRCRL (A1L4H1), SRGAP2 (O75044), SRI(P30626), SRM (P19623), SRP14 (P37108), SRP19 (P09132), SRP54 (P61011),SRP68 (Q9UHB9), SRP72 (O76094), SRP9 (P49458), SRPK1 (Q96SB4), SRPR(P08240), SRPRB (Q9Y5M8), SRPX (P78539), SRPX2 (O60687), SRR (Q9GZT4),SRRM1 (Q8IYB3), SRRM2 (Q9UQ35), SRRT (Q9BXP5), SRSF1 (Q07955), SRSF10(O75494), SRSF11 (Q05519), SRSF2 (Q01130), SRSF3 (P84103), SRSF5(Q13243), SRSF6 (Q13247), SRSF7 (Q16629), SRSF9 (Q13242), SRXN1(Q9BYN0), SSB (P05455), SSBP1 (Q04837), SSR1 (P43307), SSR3 (Q9UNL2),SSRP1 (Q08945), SSSCA1 (O60232), SSU72 (Q9NP77), ST13 (P50502), STAG1(Q8WVM7), STAM (Q92783), STAMBP (O95630), STAT1 (P42224), STAT2(P52630), STAT3 (P40763), STAU1 (O95793), STIP1 (P31948), STK10(O94804), STK24 (Q9Y6E0), STK25 (O00506), STK38 (Q15208), STK38L(Q9Y2H1), STOM (P27105), STOML2 (Q9UJZ1), STON2 (Q8WXE9), STRAP(Q9Y3F4), STT3A (P46977), STUB1 (Q9UNE7), STX12 (Q86Y82), STX4 (Q12846),STX5 (Q13190), STXBP1 (P61764), STXBP3 (O00186), STYX (Q8WUJ0), SUB1(P53999), SUCLA2 (Q9P2R7), SUCLG2 (Q96I99), SUGT1 (Q9Y2Z0), SULF2(Q8IWU5), SUMO1 (P63165), SUPT16H (Q9Y5B9), SUPT4H1 (P63272), SUPT5H(O00267), SUPT6H (Q7KZ85), SUSD5 (O60279), SVEP1 (Q4LDE5), SVIL(O95425), SWAP70 (Q9UH65), SYMPK (Q92797), SYNCRIP (O60506), SYNGR2(O43760), SYNJ2BP (P57105), SYNM (O15061), SYPL1 (Q16563), TAB1(Q15750), TAF9 (Q9Y3D8), TAGLN (Q01995), TAGLN2 (P37802), TALDO1(P37837), TAOK1 (Q7L7X3), TARDBP (Q13148), TARS (P26639), TATDN1(Q6P1N9), TAX1BP3 (O14907), TBC1D13 (Q9NVG8), TBC1D15 (Q8TC07), TBC1D23(Q9NUY8), TBC1D24 (Q9ULP9), TBC1D4 (O60343), TBC1D9B (Q66K14), TBCA(O75347), TBCB (Q99426), TBCC (Q15814), TBCD (Q9BTW9), TBCE (Q15813),TBK1 (Q9UHD2), TBL1XR1 (Q9BZK7), TBL2 (Q9Y4P3), TBL3 (Q12788), TBPL1(P62380), TCEA1 (P23193), TCEB1 (Q15369), TCEB2 (Q15370), TCERG1(O14776), TCF25 (Q9BQ70), TCP1 (P17987), TELO2 (Q9Y4R8), TEX10 (Q9NXF1),TEX15 (Q9BXT5), TF (P02787), TFCP2 (Q12800), TFG (Q92734), TFRC(P02786), TGFB1 (P01137), TGFB2 (P61812), TGFBI (Q15582), TGFBRAP1(Q8WUH2), TGM1 (P22735), TGM3 (Q08188), TH1L (Q8IXH7), THBS1 (P07996),THBS3 (P49746), THG1L (Q9NWX6), THOC2 (Q8NI27), THOC3 (Q96J01), THOC5(Q13769), THOC6 (Q86W42), THOC7 (Q6I9Y2), THOP1 (P52888), THTPA(Q9BU02), THUMPD1 (Q9NXG2), THUMPD3 (Q9BV44), THY1 (P04216), THYN1(Q9P016), TIA1 (P31483), TIAL1 (Q01085), TIGAR (Q9NQ88), TIMM13(Q9Y5L4), TIMM44 (O43615), TIMM50 (Q3ZCQ8), TIMM8A (O60220), TIMM8B(Q9Y5J9), TIMM9 (Q9Y5J7), TIMP2 (P16035), TIPRL (O75663), TJP1 (Q07157),TKT (P29401), TLN1 (Q9Y490), TLN2 (Q9Y4G6), TM9SF3 (Q9HD45), TMED10(P49755), TMED2 (Q15363), TMED5 (Q9Y3A6), TMED7 (Q9Y3B3), TMED9(Q9BVK6), TMEFF2 (Q9UIK5), TMEM132A (Q24JP5), TMEM2 (Q9UHN6), TMEM30A(Q9NV96), TMEM33 (P57088), TMOD3 (Q9NYL9), TMPO (P42166), TMX1 (Q9H3N1),TNC (P24821), TNKS1BP1 (Q9C0C2), TNPO1 (Q92973), TNPO2 (O14787), TNPO3(Q9Y5L0), TOM1L2 (Q6ZVM7), TOMM20 (Q15388), TOMM34 (Q15785), TOMM5(Q8N4H5), TOMM70A (O94826), TOP1 (P11387), TOP2A (P11388), TOP2B(Q02880), TP53I3 (Q53FA7), TP53RK (Q96S44), TPBG (Q13641), TPD52(P55327), TPI1 (P60174), TPM1 (P09493), TPM2 (P07951), TPM3 (P06753),TPM3L (A6NL28), TPM4 (P67936), TPP2 (P29144), TPT1 (P13693), TRA2A(Q13595), TRA2B (P62995), TRAF2 (Q12933), TRAP1 (Q12931), TRAPPC1(Q9Y5R8), TRAPPC2L (Q9UL33), TRAPPC3 (O43617), TRAPPC4 (Q9Y296), TRAPPC5(Q8IUR0), TRIM16 (O95361), TRIM22 (Q8IYM9), TRIM25 (Q14258), TRIM26(Q12899), TRIM28 (Q13263), TRIM47 (Q96LD4), TRIM5 (Q9C035), TRIO(O75962), TRIP13 (Q15645), TRIP6 (Q15654), TRMT1 (Q9NXH9), TRMT112(Q9UI30), TRMT5 (Q32P41), TRMT6 (Q9UJA5), TRMT61A (Q96FX7), TRNT1(Q96Q11), TROVE2 (P10155), TRRAP (Q9Y4A5), TSG101 (Q99816), TSKU(Q8WUA8), TSN (Q15631), TSPAN14 (Q8NG11), TSPAN6 (O43657), TSR1(Q2NL82), TSSC1 (Q53HC9), TSTA3 (Q13630), TTC1 (Q99614), TTC15 (Q8WVT3),TTC27 (Q6P3X3), TTC37 (Q6PGP7), TTC38 (Q5R3I4), TTC7B (Q86TV6), TTC9C(Q8N5M4), TTL (Q8NG68), TTLL12 (Q14166), TTN (Q8WZ42), TTYH1 (Q9H313),TTYH3 (Q9C0H2), TUBA1B (P68363), TUBA4A (P68366), TUBB (P07437), TUBB2B(Q9BVA1), TUBB2C (P68371), TUBB3 (Q13509), TUBB6 (Q9BUF5), TUBG1(P23258), TUBGCP2 (Q9BSJ2), TUBGCP3 (Q96CW5), TUFM (P49411), TWF1(Q12792), TWF2 (Q6IBS0), TXN (P10599), TXNDC17 (Q9BRA2), TXNDC5(Q8NBS9), TXNDC9 (O14530), TXNL1 (O43396), TXNRD1 (Q16881), TYK2(P29597), TYMS (P04818), U2AF1 (Q01081), U2AF2 (P26368), UAP1 (Q16222),UBA1 (P22314), UBA2 (Q9UBT2), UBA3 (Q8TBC4), UBA52 (P62987), UBA6(A0AVT1), UBE2D1 (P51668), UBE2D3 (P61077), UBE2E1 (P51965), UBE2G2(P60604), UBE2I (P63279), UBE2J2 (Q8N2K1), UBE2K (P61086), UBE2L3(P68036), UBE2M (P61081), UBE2N (P61088), UBE2O (Q9C0C9), UBE2S(Q16763), UBE2V1 (Q13404), UBE2V2 (Q15819), UBE3A (Q05086), UBE3C(Q15386), UBE4A (Q14139), UBE4B (O95155), UBFD1 (O14562), UBL3 (O95164),UBL4A (P11441), UBL5 (Q9BZL1), UBLCP1 (Q8WVY7), UBP1 (Q9NZI7), UBQLN2(Q9UHD9), UBR1 (Q8IWV7), UBR4 (Q5T4S7), UBTD1 (Q9HAC8), UBXN1 (Q04323),UBXN6 (Q9BZV1), UCHL1 (P09936), UCHL3 (P15374), UCHL5 (Q9Y5K5), UCK2(Q9BZX2), UFC1 (Q9Y3C8), UFD1L (Q92890), UGDH (O60701), UGGT1 (Q9NYU2),UGP2 (Q16851), ULK3 (Q6PHR2), UMPS (P11172), UNC119B (A6NIH7), UNC45A(Q9H3U1), UPF1 (Q92900), UPP1 (Q16831), UQCRC1 (P31930), UQCRC2(P22695), UQCRFS1 (P47985), URB1 (O60287), URB2 (Q14146), UROD (P06132),UROS (P10746), USO1 (O60763), USP10 (Q14694), USP11 (P51784), USP13(Q92995), USP14 (P54578), USP15 (Q9Y4E8), USP24 (Q9UPU5), USP39(Q53GS9), USP5 (P45974), USP7 (Q93009), USP9X (Q93008), UTP15 (Q8TED0),UTP18 (Q9Y5J1), UTP20 (O75691), UTP6 (Q9NYH9), UTRN (P46939), UXS1(Q8NBZ7), UXT (Q9UBK9), VAC14 (Q08AM6), VAMP3 (Q15836), VAMP5 (O95183),VAPA (Q9P0L0), VAPB (O95292), VARS (P26640), VASP (P50552), VAT1(Q99536), VAV2 (P52735), VBP1 (P61758), VCAN (P13611), VCL (P18206), VCP(P55072), VDAC1 (P21796), VDAC2 (P45880), VDAC3 (Q9Y277), VIM (P08670),VPRBP (Q9Y4B6), VPS11 (Q9H270), VPS13A (Q96RL7), VPS13C (Q709C8), VPS16(Q9H269), VPS18 (Q9P253), VPS24 (Q9Y3E7), VPS25 (Q9BRG1), VPS26A(O75436), VPS26B (Q4G0F5), VPS28 (Q9UK41), VPS29 (Q9UBQ0), VPS33A(Q96AX1), VPS33B (Q9H267), VPS35 (Q96QK1), VPS36 (Q86VN1), VPS37B(Q9H9H4), VPS39 (Q96JC1), VPS41 (P49754), VPS45 (Q9NRW7), VPS4A(Q9UN37), VPS4B (O75351), VPS53 (Q5VIR6), VPS8 (Q8N3P4), VRK1 (Q99986),VTA1 (Q9NP79), VWA1 (Q6PCB0), VWA5A (O00534), WARS (P23381), WASF2(Q9Y6W5), WASL (O00401), WBSCR22 (O43709), WDFY1 (Q8IWB7), WDR1(O75083), WDR11 (Q9BZH6), WDR12 (Q9GZL7), WDR18 (Q9BV38), WDR26(Q9H7D7), WDR3 (Q9UNX4), WDR36 (Q8NI36), WDR4 (P57081), WDR43 (Q15061),WDR45L (Q5MNZ6), WDR48 (Q8TAF3), WDR5 (P61964), WDR54 (Q9H977), WDR6(Q9NNW5), WDR61 (Q9GZS3), WDR73 (Q6P4I2), WDR74 (Q6RFH5), WDR75(Q8IWA0), WDR77 (Q9BQA1), WDR82 (Q6UXN9), WDR92 (Q96MX6), WHSC2(Q9H3P2), WRNIP1 (Q96S55), XP32 (Q5T750), XPC (Q01831), XPNPEP1(Q9NQW7), XPO1 (O14980), XPO4 (Q9C0E2), XPO5 (Q9HAV4), XPO6 (Q96QU8),XPO7 (Q9UIA9), XPOT (O43592), XRCC1 (P18887), XRCC5 (P13010), XRCC6(P12956), XRN2 (Q9H0D6), YARS (P54577), YBX1 (P67809), YES1 (P07947),YKT6 (O15498), YRDC (Q86U90), YTHDC1 (Q96MU7), YTHDF2 (Q9Y5A9), YWHAB(P31946), YWHAE (P62258), YWHAG (P61981), YWHAH (Q04917), YWHAQ(P27348), YWHAZ (P63104), ZC3H15 (Q8WU90), ZC3HAV1 (Q7Z2W4), ZC3HAV1L(Q96H79), ZCCHC3 (Q9NUD5), ZFAND1 (Q8TCF1), ZFR (Q96KR1), ZMAT2(Q96NC0), ZNF259 (O75312), ZNF326 (Q5BKZ1), ZNF330 (Q9Y3S2), ZNF622(Q969S3), ZNF765 (Q7L2R6), ZNFX1 (Q9P2E3), ZW10 (O43264), ZWILCH(Q9H900), ZYG11B (Q9C0D3), ZYX (Q15942).

TABLE 21 100 most abundant proteins (name and SwissProt accessionnumber) in CTX0E03 microvesicles Identified proteins Accession numberActin, cytoplasmic 2 P63261 Histone H4 P62805 Histone H2B Q99879 HistoneH3.2 Q71DI3 Histone H2B type 1 P23527 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase P04406 Histone H2A type 2-A Q6FI13 Ubiquitin-40S ribosomalprotein S27a P62979 Annexin A2 P07355 Alpha-enolase P06733 Pyruvatekinase isozymes M1/M2 P14618 60S ribosomal protein L6 Q02878 Histone H2Btype 2-E Q16778 Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein P11142 Actin, alphacardiac muscle 1 P68032 Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta P08238 HistoneH2B type 1-J P06899 Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 P68104 Tubulin beta-2Cchain P68371 60S ribosomal protein L18 Q07020 Tubulin beta chain P0743740S ribosomal protein S2 P15880 40S ribosomal protein S11 P62280 HistoneH2B type 3-B Q8N257 Tubulin alpha-1B chain P68363 40S ribosomal proteinS3 P23396 40S ribosomal protein S3a P61247 Histone H2A type 1-D P20671Elongation factor 2 P13639 Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha P07900GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran P62826 60S ribosomal protein L4 P3657840S ribosomal protein S9 P46781 Profilin-1 P07737 60S ribosomal proteinL13a P40429 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 P00558 Fatty acid synthase P49327Annexin A1 P04083 Histone H2A.Z P0C0S5 Vimentin P08670 40S ribosomalprotein S6 P62753 Moesin P26038 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase AP62937 60S ribosomal protein L26 P61254 60S ribosomal protein L3 P3902340S ribosomal protein S8 P62241 60S ribosomal protein L28 P46779 EzrinP15311 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform P62701 60S ribosomal proteinL7a P62424 60S ribosomal protein L13 P26373 60S ribosomal protein L7P18124 40S ribosomal protein S23 P62266 60S ribosomal protein L5 P46777Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I P60842 40S ribosomal protein S24P62847 Tubulin beta-2B chain Q9BVA1 60S ribosomal protein L8 P62917 60Sribosomal protein L15 P61313 60S ribosomal protein L10 P27635Peroxiredoxin-1 Q06830 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14 P02533 14-3-3protein theta P27348 40S ribosomal protein S18 P62269 TransketolaseP29401 60S ribosomal protein L24 P83731 Histone H1.5 P16401 Cofilin-1P23528 Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 3 Q14195 60S ribosomalprotein L21 P46778 60S ribosomal protein L36 Q9Y3U8Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit P05023 alpha-1 40Sribosomal protein S16 P62249 T-complex protein 1 subunit gamma P49368Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 P09651 60S ribosomal proteinL14 P50914 Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A/1B P08107 T-complex protein 1subunit theta P50990 60S ribosomal protein L30 P62888 Protein S100-A6P06703 40S ribosomal protein SA P08865 CD44 antigen P16070 60S ribosomalprotein L35a P18077 Tubulin beta-3 chain Q13509 T-complex protein 1subunit delta P50991 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain P08195T-complex protein 1 subunit beta P78371 Myosin-9 P35579Adenosylhomocysteinase P23526 Filamin-A P21333 Fatty acid-bindingprotein, brain O15540 Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrateP29966 T-complex protein 1 subunit eta Q99832 Fascin Q16658Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A P04075 60S ribosomal protein L27 P6135360S ribosomal protein L17 P18621 Heterogeneous nuclearribonucleoproteins A2/B1 P22626 60S ribosomal protein L10a P62906 60Sribosomal protein L35 P42766

Discussion of Proteomic Data

CD63 (also known as MLA1 and TSPAN30), TSG101 (also known as ESCRT-Icomplex subunit TSG101), CD109 (also known as 150 kDa TGF-beta-1-bindingprotein) and thy-1 (also known as CD90) were detected in both exosomesand microvesicles.

Other tetraspanins were also detected: Tetraspanin-4, -5, -6, -9 and 14were detected in the exosome fraction; tetraspanins-6 and -14 weredetected in the microvesicles.

CD133 (also known as AC133, Prominin-1, PROM1, PROML1 and MSTP061) wasdetected in the exosomes but not the microvesicles.

CD53 (also known as MOX44 and TSPAN25), CD82 (also known as KAI1, SAR2,ST6 and TSPAN27), CD37 (also known as TSPAN26) and CD40 ligand (alsoknown as CD40LG, CD40L and TNFSF5) were not detected in the exosomes orthe microvesicles.

Nestin, GFAP and tubulin beta-3 chain (also known as TUBB3) weredetected in both the exosome and microvesicle fractions, with tubulinbeta-3 chain being particularly prominent within the top 100 proteins inboth fractions. Sox2, DCX, GALC, GDNF and IDO were not detected.

Selectins and TNFRI (also known as TNF receptor 1, TNFRSF1A, TNFAR andTNFR1) were not detected.

Integrin alpha-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -V and integrin beta-1, -4 and -8were detected in both exosome and microvesicle fractions. Integrinbeta-3 and -5 were detected in the microvesicles only.

MHC Class I antigens (e.g. HLA_A1, HLA-A2 and HLA-B27) were detected inboth the exosomes and microvesicles.

Cell-adhesion molecules (e.g. CADM1, CADM4, ICAM1, JAM3, L1CAM, NCAM)were detected in both the exosomes and microvesicles.

Cytoskeletal proteins (e.g. actin, vimentin, keratins, catenins,dystroglucan, neurofilament polypeptide, microtubule-associated protein,tubulin, desmoplaktin, plectin, plakophilin, septin, spectrin, talin,vinculin and zyxin) were detected in both the exosome and microvesiclefractions.

GTPases, clathrin, chaperones, heat-shock proteins (e.g. Hsp90, Hsp70),splicing factors, translation factors, annexins and growth factors (e.g.TGF-beta) were detected in both the exosomes and microvesicles.

Galectin-3, TIMP-1, thrombosponding-1, EGF receptor and CSK weredetected in both the exosomes and microvesicles.

FIG. 18 compares the proteomic data from the exosomes and microvesicles.FIG. 18A illustrates the number of unique proteins within each microparticle population, isolated from week 2 Integra culture system. FIG.18B compares the biological processes associated with the identifiedproteins within each micro particle population, isolated from week 2Integra system. The proteins identified within exosomes andmicrovesicles are associated with very similar biological processes.

Proteins associated with biotin metabolism were only found in exosomesand proteins involved in tryptophan biosynthesis andtaurine/alpha-linolenic acid metabolism were only identified inmicrovesicles.

FIG. 18C compares the CTX0E03 proteome to the Mesenchymal Stem Cellexosome proteome disclosed in Lai et al 2012, in which a total of 857proteins were identified in exosomes released from mesenchymal stemcells.

FIG. 18D compares the biological processes associated with theidentified proteins within the MSC derived exosomes (Lim 2012) with theneural stem cell derived exosomes of the invention. The three biologicalprocesses found to be associated with the MSC derived exosomes only are(in decreasing order of significance): Asthma; phenylalanine, tyrosineand tryptophan biosynthesis; and primary immunodeficiency. The thirtybiological processes found to be associated only with the neural stemcell derived exosomes are shown in FIG. 19; the most significantbiological function identified relates to RNA polymerase.

A further comparison of the 197 biological processes shared by both MSCderived exosomes and NSC derived exosomes shows that NSC exosomescontain notably more processes involved in RNA degradation, the Ribosomeand spliceosomes, when compared to MSC exosomes.

The above comparison indicates a number of significant differencesbetween NSC derived exosomes and MSC derived exosomes (as characterisedby Lim et al 2012). The 4 most significant biological differencesidentified as present in NSC exosomes compared to being very low/absentin those identified by the Lim's group, all involve proteins associatedwith the production, packaging, function and degradation of geneticmaterial, i.e RNA polymerase, RNA degradation, Ribosome andspliceosomes.

Example 14 Size Distribution of Microparticles

NanoSight analysis was undertaken to determine the particle size andconcentration of microvesicles (“mv1” to “mv6”) and exosomes (“exo1” to“exo6”) isolated from CTX0E03 cells cultured in the Integra Cellinesystem for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks. All results are based on 5replicate measurements.

Particle size distribution was measured using Nanoparticle TrackingAnalysis (NTA). NTA detects the movement of particles in solution andrelates it to particle size. Mode and median particle size wascalculated for all samples. Exosome samples were analysed using the mostsensitive camera settings in order to capture the smallest vesicles.Microvesicle samples were analysed using less sensitive camera settingsto prevent over exposure of the larger vesicles. As a result, somesmaller vesicles were not detected in the samples. Although smallervesicles were present in the MV samples, these represent a smallpercentage of the sample in terms of mass.

A proportion of Exo1 was labelled with a fluorescent membrane-specificdye (CellMask™) and a combination of NTA analysis with the CellMask™labelling confirmed that the events detected by NTA correspond tomembrane vesicles (data not shown).

The results are shown in Table 22 below, and in FIG. 17.

The exosomes show a drop in size at week six, from a mode ofapproximately 110 nm to approximately 70 nm, or from a median ofapproximately 130 nm to approximately 75 nm. The overall size range,from 70 nm to 150 nm, is consistent with the size of exosomes from othercell types, described in the art. The observed reduction in size of theexosomes to around 70 nm diameter after culturing the cells for 6 weekscorrelates with the increased efficacy of exosomes isolated from CTX0E03cells that have been cultured in a multi-compartment bioreactor for 6weeks correlates, as reported in Example 8 and FIG. 6.

It is also noted that the concentration of microvesicles and exosomesdecreases over the six week period of FIG. 17, broadly mirroring theimproved efficacy observed over time.

The microvesicles are, as expected, larger, with a mode diameter ofapproximately 150 nm-200 nm, or a median diameter of approximately 180nm-350 nm.

TABLE 22 Size distribution of CTX0E03 microvesicles and exosomes.Concentration Median Sample Count Dilution ×10¹²/ml Mode (nm) (nm) Exo1(1) 5.204 10000 32.26 107 151 Exo1 (2) 1.734 10000 10.75 135 164 Exo1(3) 6.55 10000 40.61 108 128 Exo2 14.33 10000 88.85 118 153 Exo3 (1)*2.52 10000 15.62 89 115 Exo3 (2) 10.06 10000 62.37 115 146 Exo3 (3) 8.9810000 55.68 128 147 Exo4 (1) 3.04 10000 18.85 111 136 Exo4 (2) 2.8910000 17.92 110 120 Exo4 (3) 2.77 10000 17.17 116 134 Exo5 (1) 2.34 1000.15 99 117 Exo5 (2) 2.02 100 0.13 102 124 Exo 5 (3) 2.08 100 0.13 116127 Exo6 (1) 1.45 100 0.09 68 74 Exo6 (2) 1.19 100 0.07 69 75 MV1 (1)9.314 200 1.15 183 212 MV1 (2) 10.76 200 1.33 161 214 MV1 (3) 10.738 2001.33 173 198 MV2 5.89 1000 3.65 177 194 MV3 (1)* 5.68 2000 7.04 150 186MV3 (2) 11.5 2000 14.26 221 351 MV3 (3) 9.57 2000 11.87 214 270 MV4 (1)4.894 400 1.21 209 240 MV4 (2) 2.934 1000 1.82 195 212 MV4 (3) 2.55 10001.58 184 221 MV5 (1) 1.086 200 0.13 164 237 MV5 (2) 1.458 200 0.18 205205 MV 5 (3) 1.3 200 0.16 219 210 MV6 (1) 0.346 200 0.04 171 186 MV6 (2)0.37 200 0.05 168 212 Media 0.14 10 0.00 100 149 *large aggregates.

Example 15 Exosomes Produced by Human CD34+Progenitor Cells Derived fromCord Blood Conditionally Immortalized with a c-mycERTAM Lentivirus

Human CD34+ progenitor cells derived from cord blood were conditionallyimmortalized with a c-mycERTAM lentivirus. qRT-PCR confirmed thepresence of c-mycERTAM mRNA in lentivirus infected human CD34+progenitor derived from cord blood (as shown in FIG. 20A).

Western Blot analysis of exosomes from cell culture supernatants wasthen performed. The analysis of samples was done as specified below:

-   -   1. Concentration of exosomes from two cell supernatant samples,        1 ml volume each, using exosome capture immunobeads;    -   2. SDS-PAGE and WB analysis for expression of common exosome        associated proteins (Alix and HSP70) including normalisation        control and reference sample with known expression of analysed        markers and known protein content.

Material Analysed:

Aliquots of supernatant from cell culture contained three 1.5 ml vialsisolated from CD34 and conditionally immortalised CD34 c-mycERTAM cells,stored at −80° C. until processing.

Description of the Activity:

Exosomes are captured and concentrated from precleared supernatants byincubation with exosome capture immunobeads ON at 4° C.

After immunobeads recovery, remaining supernatant we as ultracentrifuged2 hours at 120,000×g to precipitate residual exosomes (if any) and checkefficiency of immunocapturing.

Total IP and UC pellets, corresponding each to 1 ml of originalsupernatant samples, were lysed and loaded on gel and analyzed by WB forAlix (a protein involved in the concentration and sorting of cargoproteins at the multivesicular body level, and incorporation into ILvesicles, ubiquitously expressed in all exosomes) and HSP70 (molecularchaperone facilitating the assembly of multi-protein complexes,participate in the translocation of polypeptides across cell membranes,expressed on exosomes from most epithelial like human cells).

Concentrated supernatants were too dense and thus not suitable for WBanalysis.

Overall Results of the Analysis: Control Sample:

We first applied the protocol to a control sample, supernatant derivedfrom a human cell culture, showing that 1 mL of sample is sufficient toobtain high expression signal.

We harvested control sample supernatant from 72 hours old cell cultureat 80% confluence, in a way that 1 ml of conditioned medium correspondedto 1.1×10⁶ cells with a total yield of 8.3 μg total exosomes proteinconcentration/ml supernatant.

As a reference to estimate band's density we loaded three differentconcentrations of exosomes purified from the same human cell culturesupernatant.

As expected immunoprecipitated sample (from 1 ml of supernatant) yieldsa signal comparable to 5-10 μg of purified exosomes. This result isshown in FIG. 20B.

Sample: Cell Culture Supernatant CD34

CD34 cmycERTAM

Exosomes from sample supernatants were successfully concentrated usingexosome capturing immunobeads (based on binding tetraspanins as commonexosomal markers).

Samples loaded after Immunoprecipitation (IP) shows Alix expressioncorresponding to overall yield of less than 1 μg of exosomes while noclear differences can be appreciated between two samples: both CD34+ andCD34+ c-MycERTam cells produce exosomes. A different method should beused for accurate quantitative comparison. Samples appear negative forHSP70 expression (possibly due to tissue/cell type). These results areshown in FIG. 20C.

Used immunobeads have previously shown to precipitate total exosomesfrom cell supernatant as confirmed by absence of signal afterultracentrifugation (UC) of residual supernatants. The same wasconfirmed also for analyzed sample.

Embodiments of the invention comprise:

-   -   1. A neural stem cell microparticle.    -   2. The neural stem cell microparticle of embodiment 1, wherein        the microparticle is an exosome, microvesicle, membrane        particle, membrane vesicle, exosome-like vesicle, ectosome-like        vesicle, ectosome or exovesicle.    -   3. The neural stem cell microparticle of embodiments 1 or 2,        wherein the microparticle is derived from a neural stem cell        line.    -   4. The neural stem cell microparticle of embodiment 3, wherein        the neural stem cell line is conditionally-immortalised and/or        grown in serum free medium.    -   5. The neural stem cell microparticle of embodiment 4, wherein        the neural stem cell line is    -   CTX0E03 having ECACC Accession No. 04091601, STR0C05 having        ECACC Accession No. 04110301 and HPC0A07 having ECACC Accession        No. 04092302.    -   6. The neural stem cell microparticle of any preceding        embodiment, wherein the microparticle has:        -   (a) a size of between 30 nm and 1000 nm, or between 30 and            200 nm, or between 30 and 100 nm, as determined by electron            microscopy; or        -   (b) a density in sucrose of 1.1-1.2 g/ml.    -   7. The neural stem cell microparticle of any preceding        embodiment, comprising RNA.    -   8. The neural stem cell microparticle of embodiment 7, wherein        the RNA is mRNA and/or miRNA.    -   9. The neural stem cell microparticle of embodiment 8, wherein        the microparticle comprises one, two, three or four of        hsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532.    -   10. The neural stem cell microparticle of any preceding        embodiment, comprising one or more of:        -   (a) a lipid selected from ceramide, cholesterol,            sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol,            and/or phosphatidylcholine;        -   (b) miRNA, optionally selected from hsa-let-7 g,            hsa-miR-101, hsa-miR-10a, hsa-miR-10b, hsa-miR-126,            hsa-miR-128, hsa-miR-129-5p, hsa-miR-130a, hsa-miR-134,            hsa-miR-137, hsa-miR-155, hsa-miR-15a, hsa-miR-15b,            hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-17, hsa-miR-182, hsa-miR-183,            hsa-miR-185, hsa-miR-18b, hsa-miR-192, hsa-miR-194,            hsa-miR-195, hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-20b, hsa-miR-210,            hsa-miR-218, hsa-miR-301a, hsa-miR-302a, hsa-miR-302c,            hsa-miR-345, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-378, hsa-miR-7, hsa-miR-9,            hsa-miR-93, hsa-miR-96, and hsa-miR-99a;        -   (c) a tetraspanin, optionally selected from CD63, CD81, CD9,            CD53, CD82 and/or CD37;        -   (d) TSG101, Alix, CD109 and/or thy-1; and/or        -   (e) CD133.    -   11. The neural stem cell microparticle of any preceding        embodiment, comprising at least 10 of the proteins present in        Table 19 or Table 21.    -   12. The neural stem cell microparticle of any preceding        embodiment, comprising at least one biological activity of a        neural stem cell or a neural stem cell-conditioned medium.    -   13. The neural stem cell microparticle of embodiment 12, wherein        the at least one biological activity is regenerative activity.    -   14. The neural stem cell microparticle of any preceding        embodiment, for use in therapy.    -   15. The neural stem cell microparticle of embodiment 14, wherein        the therapy is regenerative therapy.    -   16. The neural stem cell microparticle of embodiments 14 or 15,        wherein the therapy is for a        -   (i) Neurological disorder, disease or deficit, such as            Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Stroke, or ALS;        -   (ii) Lysosomal storage disorder;        -   (iii) Cardiovascular disorder, such as Myocardial            Infarction, congestive heart failure, Peripheral Arterial            Disease, diabetic ulcers, wound healing;        -   (iv) Diseases of the lung, including Idiopathic Pulmonary            Fibrosis, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Chronic Obstructive            Pulmonary Disease, Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension, Cystic            Fibrosis and Asthma        -   (v) Metabolic or inflammatory disorder, such as Diabetes (I            or II), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lupus, Crohn's            disease, Irritable Bowel Disease, or Graft versus Host            Disease;        -   (vi) Psychiatric disorder, such as: Depression, Bipolar,            Schizophrenia or an Autistic syndrome disorder such as            Autism, Asperger's syndrome or Rett Syndrome;        -   (vii) Blindness-causing disease of the retina, such as            Age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease,            diabetic retinopathy, or retinitis pigmentosa; and        -   (viii) Demyelinating disease, such as multiple sclerosis,            central pontine myelinolysis, tabes dorsalis, transverse            myelitis, Devic's disease, progressive multifocal            leukoencephalopathy, optic neuritis, leukodystrophies,            Guillain-Barre syndrome, Anti-MAG peripheral neuropathy and            Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.    -   17. The neural stem cell microparticle of embodiments 14-16,        wherein the therapy improves functional and/or cognitive        recovery.    -   18. The neural stem cell microparticle of embodiments 14-17,        wherein the therapy is of stroke, peripheral arterial disease or        blindness-causing diseases of the retina.    -   19. The neural stem cell microparticle of embodiments 14 to 17,        wherein:        -   (i) the microparticle is an exosome and therapy is of a            disease or condition requiring tissue replacement,            regeneration or repair; or        -   (ii) the microparticle is a microvesicle and the therapy is            of a disease requiring angiogenesis or a neurological            disease, disorder or deficit.    -   20. Use of a neural stem cell microparticle according to any        preceding embodiment, in the manufacture of a medicament for the        treatment of a disease.    -   21. A method of producing a neural stem cell microparticle as        defined in embodiments 1-13, comprising isolating a        microparticle from a neural stem cell-conditioned medium.    -   22. A method of producing a stem cell microparticle, comprising        isolating a microparticle from a stem cell-conditioned medium        wherein:        -   (i) the stem cell-conditioned medium comprises one or more            components which induce the release of microparticles by the            stem cells into the medium;        -   (ii) the stem cells were cultured under hypoxic conditions;        -   (iii) the stem cells were co-cultured with a different cell            type;        -   (iv) the stem cells were cultured in a multi-compartment            bioreactor; and/or        -   (v) the stem cells were partially-differentiated.    -   23. A method according to embodiment 22, wherein the stem cell        is a neural stem cell, optionally as defined in any of        embodiments 3 to 5.    -   24. A method according to embodiment 22(i) or embodiment 23 when        dependent upon embodiment 22(i), wherein the one or more        components are selected from: transforming growth factor-beta        (TGF-β), interferon-gamma (INF-γ) and tumour necrosis        factor-alpha (TNF-α).    -   25. A method according to embodiment 22(iii), embodiment 23 or        24 when dependent upon embodiment 22(iii), wherein the different        cell type is an endothelial cell.    -   26. A microparticle obtainable by the method of any of        embodiments 22-25.    -   27. A composition comprising a microparticle according to any of        embodiments 1-13 or 26 and a pharmaceutically acceptable        excipient, carrier or diluent.    -   28. A kit for use in a method for producing the microparticle of        any of embodiments 1-13 or 26 comprising: (a) a medium; (b) a        neural stem cell; (c) optionally the one or more components of        embodiments 22 to 24; (d) optionally the microparticle of any of        embodiments 1-13 or 26 suitable for use as a control; (e)        optionally a detection agent suitable for specific detection of        the produced microparticles; and (f) instructions for producing        the microparticle of any of embodiments 1-13 or 26 using the        kit.    -   29. A method of screening for an agent that alters the rate of        production of a microparticle by a stem cell, comprising        contacting a stem cell with a candidate agent and observing        whether the rate production of microparticles by the contacted        stem cell increases or decreases compared to a control.    -   30. A method of producing a stem cell microparticle, comprising:        -   i. culturing the stem cells in an environment that allows            stem cell differentiation; and        -   ii. collecting the microparticles that are produced by the            cells.    -   31. The method of embodiment 30, wherein an environment that        allows stem cell differentiation is culture in a        multi-compartment bioreactor, for example wherein the bioreactor        contains at least two compartments separated by one or more        membranes or barriers that separate the compartment containing        the cells from one or more compartments containing gas and/or        culture medium.    -   32. The method of embodiment 31, wherein the culture is for more        than seven days.    -   33. The method of any one of embodiments 30-32, comprising        isolating a microparticle from a stem cell-conditioned medium.    -   34. The method of embodiment 33, wherein the stem        cell-conditioned medium comprises one or more additive        components or agents which stimulate the release of        microparticles by the stem cells into the medium.    -   35. The method of embodiment 34, wherein the one or more        components are selected from transforming growth factor-beta        (TGF-β), interferon-gamma (INF-γ) and/or tumour necrosis        factor-alpha (TNF-α).    -   36. The method of any one of embodiments 33-35, wherein the stem        cells were cultured under hypoxic conditions.    -   37. The method of any one of embodiments 33-36, wherein the stem        cells were co-cultured with a different cell type.    -   38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein the different cell type        is an endothelial cell.    -   39. The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 38, wherein the        stem cell is a neural stem cell.    -   40. The method of embodiment 39, wherein the stem cell is a        neural stem cell line.    -   41. The method of embodiment 40, wherein the neural stem cell        line is conditionally-immortalised.    -   42. The method of embodiments 40 or 41, wherein the neural stem        cell line is CTX0E03 having ECACC Accession No. 04091601,        STR0C05 having ECACC Accession No. 04110301, or HPC0A07 having        ECACC Accession No. 04092302.    -   43. The method of any one of embodiments 40-42, wherein the        neural stem cell line is grown in serum-free medium.    -   44. The method of any one of embodiments 39-43, wherein the        neural stem cell expresses one or more of the markers: Nestin,        Sox2, GFAP, 13111 tubulin, DCX, GALC, TUBB3, GDNF and 100.    -   45. The method of any one of embodiments 39-44, wherein the        microparticle is an exosome and the exosome expresses one or        more of: DCX, GFAP, GALC, TUBB3, GDNF and IDO.    -   46. The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 45, wherein at        least two, three, four, five, six or seven miRNAs are up or down        regulated in the microparticle compared to in the corresponding        stem cells cultured in standard T-175 flasks, as calculated by        Fold Regulation.    -   47. The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 46, wherein the        microparticle is an exosome and the exosome expresses one, two,        three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more or more        of the following miRNAs at a higher level than is expressed in        the corresponding stem cells cultured in standard T-175 flasks,        as calculated by Fold Regulation: hsa-miR-146b-5p; hsa-let-7c;        hsa-miR-99a; hsa-miR-132; hsa-miR-378; hsa-miR-181a; hsa-let-7b;        hsa-miR-100; hsa-let-7e; hsa-miR-23b; hsa-miR-185; hsa-let-7i;        hsa-let-7a; hsa-let-7d; hsa-let-7 g; hsa-miR-222; hsa-let-7f;        hsa-miR-218; hsa-miR-24; hsa-miR-9; hsa-miR-126; hsa-miR-134;        hsa-miR-128; and hsa-miR-155.    -   48. The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 47, wherein the        microparticle is an exosome and the exosome expresses one, two,        three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more of the        following miRNAs at a lower level than is expressed in the        corresponding stem cells cultured in standard T-175 flasks, as        calculated by Fold Regulation: hsa-miR-22; hsa-miR-26a;        hsa-miR-210; hsa-miR-92a; hsa-miR-93; hsa-miR-424; hsa-miR-195;        hsa-miR-127-5p; hsa-miR-21; hsa-miR-103a; hsa-miR-16;        hsa-miR-125a-5p; hsa-miR-10a; hsa-miR-10b; hsa-miR-345;        hsa-miR-130a; hsa-miR-15b; hsa-miR-20b; hsa-miR-20a; hsa-miR-17;        hsa-miR-7; hsa-miR-106b; hsa-miR-101; hsa-miR-302a;        hsa-miR-301a; hsa-miR-183; hsa-miR-219-5p; hsa-miR-18a;        hsa-miR-15a; hsa-miR-182; hsa-miR-33a; hsa-miR-96; and        hsa-miR-18b.    -   49. The method of any of embodiments 30 to 48, wherein the        microparticle comprises one, two, three or four of hsa-miR-1246,        hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532.    -   50. The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 49, further        comprising loading the isolated or purified microparticle with        one or more exogenous nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, drugs or        prodrugs.    -   51. The method of embodiment 50, wherein the exogenous nucleic        acid is siRNA capable of silencing one or more pathological        genes.    -   52. A microparticle obtainable by the method of any one of        embodiments 30-51.    -   53. A microparticle which is an exosome and the exosome        expresses one or more of: DCX, GFAP, GALC, TUBB3, GDNF and IDO.    -   54. The microparticle of any one of embodiments 52-53, wherein        the exosome expresses one, two, three, four, five, six, seven,        eight, nine, ten or more or more of the following miRNAs at a        higher level than is expressed in the corresponding stem cells        cultured in standard T-175 flasks, as calculated by Fold        Regulation: hsa-miR-146b-5p; hsa-let-7c; hsa-miR-99a;        hsa-miR-132; hsa-miR-378; hsa-miR-181a; hsa-let-7b; hsa-miR-100;        hsa-let-7e; hsa-miR-23b; hsa-miR-185; hsa-let-7i; hsa-let-7a;        hsa-let-7d; hsa-let-7 g; hsa-miR-222; hsa-let-7f; hsa-miR-218;        hsa-miR-24; hsa-miR-9; hsa-miR-126; hsa-miR-134; hsa-miR-128;        and hsa-miR-155.    -   55. The microparticle of any one of embodiments 52-54, wherein        the exosome expresses one, two, three, four, five, six, seven,        eight, nine, ten or more of the following miRNAs at a lower        level than is expressed in the corresponding stem cells cultured        in standard T-175 flasks, as calculated by Fold Regulation:        hsa-miR-22; hsa-miR-26a; hsa-miR-210; hsa-miR-92a; hsa-miR-93;        hsa-miR-424; hsa-miR-195; hsa-miR-127-5p; hsa-miR-21;        hsa-miR-103a; hsa-miR-16; hsa-miR-125a-5p; hsa-miR-10a;        hsa-miR-10b; hsa-miR-345; hsa-miR-130a; hsa-miR-15b;        hsa-miR-20b; hsa-miR-20a; hsa-miR-17; hsa-miR-7; hsa-miR-106b;        hsa-miR-101; hsa-miR-302a; hsa-miR-301a; hsa-miR-183;        hsa-miR-219-5p; hsa-miR-18a; hsa-miR-15a; hsa-miR-182;        hsa-miR-33a; hsa-miR-96; and hsa-miR-18b.    -   56. The microparticle any one of embodiments 52-55, wherein the        microparticle comprises one, two, three or four of hsa-miR-1246,        hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-4532.    -   57. The microparticle of any one of embodiments 52-56, for use        in therapy.    -   58. The microparticle or embodiment 57, wherein the therapy is        for a:        -   i. Neurological disorder, disease or deficit, such as            Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Stroke, or ALS;        -   ii. Lysosomal storage disorder;        -   iii. Cardiovascular disorder, such as Myocardial Infarction,            congestive heart failure, Peripheral Arterial Disease,            diabetic ulcers, wound healing;        -   iv. Diseases of the lung, including Idiopathic Pulmonary            Fibrosis, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Chronic Obstructive            Pulmonary Disease, Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension, Cystic            Fibrosis and Asthma;        -   v. Metabolic or inflammatory disorder, such as Diabetes (I            or II), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lupus, Crohn's            disease, Irritable Bowel Disease, or Graft versus Host            Disease;        -   vi. Psychiatric disorder, such as: Depression, Bipolar,            Schizophrenia or an Autistic syndrome disorder such as            Autism, Asperger's syndrome or Rett Syndrome;        -   vii. Blindness-causing disease of the retina, such as            Age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease,            diabetic retinopathy, or retinitis pigmentosa; or        -   viii. Demyelinating disease, such as multiple sclerosis,            cerebral palsy, central pontine myelinolysis, tabes            dorsalis, transverse myelitis, Devic's disease, progressive            multifocal leukoencephalopathy, optic neuritis,            leukodystrophies, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Anti-MAG            peripheral neuropathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.    -   59. A composition comprising the microparticle of any one of        embodiments 52-56 and a stem cell, optionally wherein the stem        cell is the stem cell from which the microparticle is derived,        for example wherein the stem cell is CTX0E03 having ECACC        Accession No. 04091601.    -   60. The composition of embodiment 59, for use in therapy.    -   61. The composition of embodiment 60, wherein the stem cell and        the microparticle are administered:        -   i. together in a single pharmaceutical composition;        -   ii. contemporaneously or simultaneously but separately; or        -   iii. separately and sequentially, for example wherein the            duration between the administration of the cell and            microparticle is one hour, one day, one week, two weeks or            more.    -   62. The composition of any one of embodiments 60-61, wherein the        therapy induces tolerance, typically immunotolerance, in a host        that is to receive the stem cells from which the microparticle        is derived; or wherein tolerance to the stem cells is increased        by administering stem cells together with the microparticles.

REFERENCES

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1. A conditionally-immortalised cell that produces microparticles. 2.The cell according to claim 1, wherein the conditionally-immortalisedcell is: a mesenchymal stem cell, optionally selected from a bone marrowderived stem cell, an endometrial regenerative cell, a mesenchymalprogenitor cell, an adipose derived stem cell or a multipotent adultprogenitor cell; a neural stem cell, optionally selected from aneurosphere initiating stem cell, or an oligodendrocyte precursor cell;a haematopoietic stem cell, optionally a CD34+ cell and/or isolated fromumbilical cord blood, or optionally a CD34+/CXCR4+ cell; anon-haematopoietic umbilical cord blood stem cell; a very smallembryonic like stem cell (VSEL); an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell;a fibroblast; or a dendritic cell.
 3. The cell according to claim 1 orclaim 2, wherein the cell comprises c-mycER.
 4. The cell of claim 1,wherein the microparticle is an exosome, microvesicle, membraneparticle, membrane vesicle, exosome-like vesicle, ectosome-like vesicle,ectosome or exovesicle.
 5. The cell according to claim 1, wherein thecell is from a stem cell line, optionally a neural stem cell line or anon-neural stem cell line.
 6. The cell of claim 5, wherein the stem cellline is grown in serum free medium.
 7. The cell of claim 6, wherein thestem cell line is a neural stem cell line, optionally CTX0E03 havingECACC Accession No. 04091601, STR0C05 having ECACC Accession No.04110301 and HPC0A07 having ECACC Accession No.
 04092302. 8. The cell ofclaim 1, wherein the microparticle has: (a) a size of between 30 nm and1000 nm, or between 30 and 200 nm, or between 30 and 100 nm, asdetermined by electron microscopy; or (b) a density in sucrose of1.1-1.2 g/ml.
 9. The cell of claim 1, wherein the microparticlecomprises RNA.
 10. The cell of claim 9, wherein the RNA is mRNA and/ormiRNA.
 11. The cell of claim 10, wherein the microparticle comprisesone, two, three or four of hsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-4488 andhsa-miR-4532.
 12. The cell of claim 1, wherein the microparticlecomprises one or more of: (a) a lipid selected from ceramide,cholesterol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol,and/or phosphatidylcholine; (b) miRNA, optionally selected fromhsa-let-7 g, hsa-miR-101, hsa-miR-10a, hsa-miR-10b, hsa-miR-126,hsa-miR-128, hsa-miR-129-5p, hsa-miR-130a, hsa-miR-134, hsa-miR-137,hsa-miR-155, hsa-miR-15a, hsa-miR-15b, hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-17,hsa-miR-182, hsa-miR-183, hsa-miR-185, hsa-miR-18b, hsa-miR-192,hsa-miR-194, hsa-miR-195, hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-20b, hsa-miR-210,hsa-miR-218, hsa-miR-301a, hsa-miR-302a, hsa-miR-302c, hsa-miR-345,hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-378, hsa-miR-7, hsa-miR-9, hsa-miR-93, hsa-miR-96,and hsa-miR-99a; (c) a tetraspanin, optionally selected from CD63, CD81,CD9, CD53, CD82 and/or CD37; (d) TSG101, Alix, CD109 and/or thy-1;and/or (e) CD133.
 13. The cell of claim 1, wherein the microparticlecomprises at least 10 of the proteins present in Table 19 or Table 21.14. The cell of claim 1, wherein the microparticle comprises at leastone biological activity of a stem cell, a stem cell-conditioned medium,a neural stem cell or a neural stem cell-conditioned medium.
 15. Thecell of claim 14, wherein the at least one biological activity isregenerative activity.
 16. A therapeutic method comprisingadministration of the cell of claim 1 to a patient.
 17. The method ofclaim 16, wherein the therapy is regenerative therapy.
 18. A method ofproducing a microparticle, comprising isolating a microparticle from aconditionally-immortalised cell-conditioned medium.
 19. A method ofproducing a microparticle according to claim 18, wherein: (i) thecell-conditioned medium comprises one or more components which inducethe release of microparticles by the stem cells into the medium; (ii)the cells were cultured under hypoxic conditions; (iii) the cells wereco-cultured with a different cell type; (iv) the cells were cultured ina multi-compartment bioreactor; and/or (v) the cells were stem cellsthat were partially-differentiated.
 20. A method according to claim19(i), wherein the one or more components are selected from:transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interferon-gamma (INF-γ) andtumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).
 21. A method according to claim19(iii), or claim 20 when dependent upon claim 19(iii), wherein thedifferent cell type is an endothelial cell.
 22. A microparticleobtainable by the method of claim 18 or
 19. 23. A composition comprisinga microparticle according to claim 22 and a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient, carrier or diluent.
 24. A kit for use in a method forproducing the microparticle of claim 22 comprising: (a) a medium; and(b) a conditionally-immortalised cell.
 25. A method of screening for anagent that alters the rate of production of a microparticle by aconditionally-immortalised cell, comprising contacting a conditionallyimmortalised cell with a candidate agent and observing whether the rateproduction of microparticles by the contacted stem cell increases ordecreases compared to a control.